Genetically modified food Essay

War, famine, disease, hate, overpopulation; these are all constant struggles that humanity must face every day. How to address these problems so that the world will be able to continue in a stable, productive way is constantly on the minds of scientist, politicians, peacekeepers and the everyday person. The issue I’m choosing to discuss is starvation. With our population ever increasing, how are we going to provide billions of people the proper nutrition? Do we continue using the farming traditions of the past, or do we look to technological advancements and genetic modification for the answers? With technology ever changing, our knowledge of genetics is growing and all the while farmland shrinking. When farmers are producing less harvest per year and having to use more and more pesticides to keep their crops alive, exploring the possibilities of genetic modification (GM) within food is a wise choice. In fact, I’d say it was the way of the future. GM foods have several benefits and in many ways are better and more efficient than sustainable agriculture crops. Scientists have been studying agricultural biotechnology for decades, looking for the best ways to advance our lives. It involves many complex procedures such as moving key genes from one organism to another, crosspollination and selective breeding of plants. These and other processes create beneficial traits within the plant species that allow it to grow and survive better than standard, farm grown produce. Some plants have become resistant to disease and can actually repel potentially devastating insects; this removes the necessity for pesticides. Sustainable agriculture is the other proposed solution to solving the world’s food crisis. Sustainable agriculturists believe that with proper irrigation methods, natural fertilizers and insecticides crops of equal yield can be produced, matching that of bioengineered foods. GM food products are already a part of our every day life. â€Å"Recent estimates show that 60-70% of foods in the U. S. markets contain GE ingredients, meaning they contain at least a small quantity of some crop that has been genetically engineered. (Genetically Modified Food & Human Health). † As our knowledge grows and technology advances they will only become more integrated into our society. Biotechnology has the possibility to remove harmful allergens by altering the plant’s protein structure. â€Å"†¦ Genetic modification can be used to remove or change proteins that are known allergens in plant foods such as the soybean. Recent research has demonstrated that a particular protein causing soybean allergies can be eliminated by modern biotechnology. (Genetically Modified Food & Human Health). † â€Å"†¦ Vast areas of irrigated land have become waterlogged. Chemical fertilizers have run off into rivers and lakes causing ugly, slimy blooms of algae. Crop diseases such as late blight in potatoes, the virulent fungus responsible for the Irish famine, appear to be spreading again†¦ (Will the World Starve? : Feast and Famine)† These are only some of the effects from poor attempts at sustainable agriculture. As afore mentioned, with GM, crops can be made resistant to disease, able to grow faster and stronger, and without the need of harmful chemical fertilizers or pesticides (Will the World Starve? : Feast and Famine). As our population grows exponentially and our farmable land is continuously being reduced we need to find a solution that takes up less space while at the same time providing quality food in the amounts required. Less farmland is available due to commercialization and soil nutrient atrophy. This doesn’t mean that other plots couldn’t be converted into farmland. â€Å"Farm acreage could increase by 10% over the next 40 years†¦ †¦ In many cases it would mean destroying forests or other sensitive habitats†¦ (Will the World Starve? : Feast and Famine). † Protagonists of sustainable agriculture argue that GM foods are unhealthy, unsafe to eat and may have adverse effects in the future. They say that the problem isn’t a lack of food, it’s the poor countries inability to afford the necessary provisions. They also say that, â€Å"If done properly†¦ † sustainable agriculture will be sufficient enough. In response, â€Å"Currently, genetically modified foods on the market are considered safe to eat and no adverse effects have been reported since their introduction in 1995 (Genetically Modified Food & Human Health). † In the short term, GM research will be expensive and costs will need to be recouped from the consumer, but in the long run food will last longer, be more nutritious and cost less to grow greater yields. Once we are able to make this technology available to third world countries at an affordable rate they will be able to prosper more rapidly than if they were to keep using the old sustainable agriculture methods. The process of sustainable agriculture requires a large amount of land and skilled farmers and laborers. If done improperly the land will quickly loose its ability to sustain life. This would require farmers to have much more education in the areas of irrigation, natural pesticides and herbicides, as well as increased research on global climate conditions and the future of these necessities. Why require all this ever-changing knowledge and research when we can create a nutritional plant that is doesn’t require these processes and is immune to natural hazards? In the long run, this would seem the better decision. Though we are still in the early stages of genetic modification, I believe that this is a science with unlimited possibilities which will inevitably benefit mankind in many ways. Discovering and learning about new processes takes time, funding, caution and diligence. The art of farming has been around for centuries and the process has worked in the past, but now today’s society has different necessities and newer knowledge. The past is just that, the past. It’s now time to meet the future.

Middle School and Happiness Essay

Happiness comes in all shapes and sizes. What makes you happy may not make someone else happy. The idea of happiness may not be the same for any two people, or maybe not for anyone you come across with. Happiness is an emotion causes by thousands of things. It is an abstract idea that cannot be fully described. What makes you happy changes as you get older, you do not like the same things your whole life so it is normal that your interests start to change. Like mentioned before not everyone has the same interests and cannot feel happiness from the same things. From firsthand experience I can say that I am the perfect example of finding different happiness. They have changed from my years in elementary school, middle school, and high school. Let’s start with elementary school. When I was in elementary school what brought me happiness was having time to spend at my friend’s house after school. Because I lived far away from the school that I attended I didn’t really know anyone in my neighborhood. There were days though that my parents would let me go to a friend’s house and stay there for a few hours while they got out of work. I didn’t have to be at my grandma’s house bored so that made me really happy, and I had a lot of fun while I was there so that made it even better. Another thing that made me feel happiness was being able to go two days out of the week to band practice. I liked being able to play my instrument and making beautiful sound come out of something so little. Playing with the band was my thing I could not stop smiling and feeling all this joy inside as I played. When the director put his arms up and signaled us to start playing was so thrilling knowing that we were about to make beautiful music all together. I think back and see how simple things made me really happy as a child. Now let’s talk about middle school. While I was in middle school I was still in band and yes it still brought me happiness. The main thing that brought me happiness while I was in middle school was being a little more free from home and my parents. If I remember correctly it was seventh grade that I went to my first dance, you can imagine my excitement. When I was at the dance my friends and I were having a great time, we were laughing and  dancing the whole time. Because it was my first dance it was a very fun time, and it brought so much happiness to be able to share that experience with my friends. When I was in high school all of my interests changed and even now I have the same interests. I found my passion for singing so I auditioned to join the school choir and I made it. Being in choir class was the best thing that I did when I was in high school. The happiness that I felt when I walked into that class every day I have no words to describe it. To top it all off when I started to sing and hear the chords we would all make together gave me the chills. There was not a single day that passed where hearing myself and others around me sing was not magical. When I would have a bad day I waited for third period to talk into class grab my folder from my cubic and start to sing and just forget about everything. Music was my escape from being upset, it was the way for me to forget about what was going on in my life. The happiness I felt was so great, even now I turn to music for help and comfort. In conclusion, happiness is an abstract emotion that cannot be easily defined. Not everyone feels happiness in the exact same way or from the same things. But no matter where our happiness comes from we all feel it. We feel it as kids, as teenagers, and as adults. Even though what causes us happiness may change the characteristics of it do not. The smile, the giggle, and the butterflies in your stomach do not disappear. From firsthand experience I know that we all go through phases, but not matter how old we get, we are always going to be happy.

The Importance of Company Valuation to Investor, the Shortcoming of Literature review

The Importance of Company Valuation to Investor, the Shortcoming of DCF Mode - Literature review Example An example of an investor who hugely benefits from company valuation is one who reinvests dividends. By this kind of re-investment, such an investor could build wealth for myriad uses such as retirement benefits. However, the core importance of company valuation to investors is that it allows them to know the value of a company and its assets before investing (Copeland et al., 2000). Familiarity with the value of a company and its assets is quite important for investors’ intelligent decision making, more so for deciding the most appropriate prices to pay or receive during a takeover (Pratt, 1998). Additionally, valuation helps investors to choose the right investment portfolio and sound financing and dividend choices when running a business. Valuation also helps investors make reasonable estimates of the values of real and financial assets. Company valuation also ensures that an investor does not pay more for an asset than its real worth. Therefore, valuation plays several cri tical roles in acquisition analysis, corporate finance, and portfolio management (Pratt, 1998). Efficient Market Hypotheses Is Not Trustable Many researchers, scholars and investors have theoretically and empirically criticized and disputed the efficient-market hypothesis. At the forefront in criticizing the efficient-market hypothesis are behavioral economists who assert that combinations of cognitive biases are responsible for the deficient nature of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) (Gaughan, 2004). These cognitive biases include overreaction, information bias and representative bias, predictable human errors of reasoning, information processing errors and overconfidence. The alleged reasoning errors have been observed to drive many an investor to buy excessively expensive growth stock while avoiding value stock (Hitchnera, 2006). On the other hand, those reasoning correctly buy and profit from the neglected value stock and the overreacted selling of growth stocks. In a similar m anner to theoretical evidence, practical evidence fault the efficient-market hypothesis, For example, while some behavioral economists assert that low P/E stocks have greater returns, others tend to differ, attributing these higher returns to higher beta (?) (Gaughan, 2004). In fact, the latter group’s researches have been accepted by efficient market theorists as adequately explaining the irregularities according to the modern portfolio theory. That stock buyers often operate on and are driven by irrational excitement implies that a lot of speculative economic bubble anomalies are encountered in the markets since such buyers do not detect the underlying values of stocks (Gaughan, 2004). After these economic bubbles, there is always an overreaction and frantic effort to sell stocks to unscrupulous investors who then buy these stocks at bargain prices. Further, since markets may remain irrational for a longer duration than expected, even rational investors could encounter diff iculties to operate profitably since they may be forced to shorting irrational bubbles since they are no longer able to remain solvent over the period (Gaughan, 2004). The Limitations of Net Asset Valuation Model Once a company gets solvent, it may decide to pay its creditors, sell its assets

Coding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coding - Essay Example Further, coding plays an important role in the provision of government statistics. This comes to play during the budgeting of a country’s medical care, as the correct statistics are provided. For example, the government officials are aware of medications given, the number of people that passed on maybe because of certain diseases. It also offers a road map for the formulation of medical strategies that will help a nation curb vital illnesses. In addition, proper coding is important in ensuring that patients are forced to pay for the care they did not receive. Medical practitioners and insurance organizations can have a common understanding on the services provided and thus, the correct charges are made and paid (Capstone, 2010). Nurses are an essential part in the practice of medical care. They help in service delivery and assist doctors in a number of ways. They are often in contact with patients; this aspect of their work enables them to understand the patients more and offer them the necessary services. It also equips them with first hand information on the type of care the patients need in reference to their illness. This enables them to code the diagnosis appropriately. Moreover, before a patient is referred to a doctor, it is the duty of the nurse to offer first hand services, which put the nurses at an appropriate position to identify the type of care to be given to the patient (Shi & Singh, 2010). Additionally, being the ones to provide complete reports about patients to the doctors, nurses are professionally equipped and familiar with the importance of proper coding for record keeping. It is usually the responsibility of the nurses to offer comprehensive medical care; therefore, they have a duty to ensure the coding is appropriate to avoid mischarging the patients. They also proffer the accurate records for medication for the patient to the necessary authorities.

Contemporary Philosophical or Political Thought Essay

Contemporary Philosophical or Political Thought - Essay Example Kant has been one of the most influential intellectuals in the world of philosophy with his most discussed philosophical theory of ‘groundwork of the metaphysics of morals’ where he introduced and laid firm foundation the ideas of ethics. In his work, Kant seeks to put down important theory of morality and prove how the principle applies to the people. He put across the idea that the behavior of the principle that a person wishes to do verifies the appropriateness of his or her action. During his era, there was a lot of serious concentration in his mind set about philosophies as due to the influence he used to face. During his school life, he studied some works of well-known historical philosophers such as Gottfried Leibniz and Christian. Any philosophy student could support Kant’s response in philosophy because he has set platform for current philosophers who are working on his ideologies to see on their applicability in the society. Kant drives his point home fr om an ordinary thinking morality to superior ideology of morality, which he regards it, as categorically essential. Kant believes that uncontroversial starts from our ordinary shared moral senses, and evaluation of major common sense conceptions such as ‘the good’, and bear a strong thought of morality. With respect to morality, Kant showed that the origin of ‘good’ does not lie outside individual’s thinking; either in natural phenomena or God’s gifted, but it is more of a good will itself (Wood 129). A good willpower is one that operates from sense of duty according to the worldwide moral rule that an independent person liberally gives it. In basis metamophysic of morality, Kant listed three formulations of the definite imperative that are approximately similar. In Kant’s first formulation of ‘universal laws of nature’, it demands that the individuals should select maxims as if they should act as natural law. The interpret ation of this formula regarded as ‘universalizability test’ states that subjective opinions of individual’s deeds give someone an explanation to act. The second formulation is known as ‘formulation of end in itself’, states that the reasoning being by its nature an ending, and therefore as an ending itself, must provide in each saying as the factor forbidding all purely relative and random endings. The third formula of autonomy is a combination of the previous formulas and it is the foundation for ultimate determination each maxim. It says that, all maxims, which originate from independent legislation, need to match with a probable kingdom of life. This implies that people should act according to their own mindsets as any other individual in the common realm of endings (Jacobs 98). Kant declares that, because of the restriction of discussions in the absence of indisputable proof, no individual could certainly understand whether there is a God and lif e after death or not. For the sake of ethics and as a basis for explanation, Kant declared that human beings have reasons to put trust in God, though they could never understand Lord’s existence empirically. The factor open-minded approach

Write up of 'Cameroon Case Study' Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Write up of 'Cameroon Case Study' - Coursework Example However, there are other sickle cell anaemia screening tests unavailable to test sickle cell anaemia in the small laboratory at the Mbetta Health Center. The tests require high cost, a lot of time, and they are by the high temperature and humidity. On the first day in Cameroon at Mbetta Village, the nursing staff referred to me a case of a boy aged 4 years. The boy was clearly unwell; he presented fever, headache, fatigue, pain in the arms and legs. On physical examination by a nurse, the boy`s blood pressure was in a normal range and he had no palpable lymph node. However, the higher left hand abdominal quadrant palpation, auscultation, and percussion signified an enlarged spleen. The nurse noted the boy`s mucus to be pale in colour on examination and the sclera portrayed some elements of Icterus. With no any other abnormal physical signs observed from the boy, the nurse took a venous blood sample and put it into anticoagulant to assist in carrying out a laboratory investigation of the disease. Sickle cell anaemia affects bones, lungs, abdomen, joints, limbs, and lungs (Ohene-Frempong 2006). For instance, pain, swelling, and fever occur when sickle cells block limb veins (Center for children with Special Needs 2006). When spleen traps many red blood cells a mechanism meant to trap the abnormal red blood cells, it enlarges (Maakaron, E. J. n.d.). Lastly, life-threatening cases of sickle cell anaemia occur when red blood cells are trapped in the lung vein to cause Acute Chest Syndrome, which may damage vein in the lungs. It is detected through abnormal breathing and normal blood pressure (Ohene-Frempong 2006). The laboratory in Mbetta village is small and equipped as a basic haematology laboratory. It contains microscope, slides, cover slips, and various stains like Romanowsky stain and immersion oil. It is also equipped with haematocrit centrifuge, glass capillaries, an electrophoresis tank, and a power pack. A

Failures of DRM and Digital content copyright Essay

Failures of DRM and Digital content copyright - Essay Example Additionally, according to Hombal & Prasad (2012, p. 237), the media must keep changing from one data format to another. Producers of digital materials ought to generate device-specific and product-specific licenses, which are only issued to the client after delivery, for use in specific devices. This implies that any reproduced copies only operate in the originally licensed device and the licensed product. Producers ought to collaborate with network experts such that if any attempt to reproduce digital materials in a device is sensed from any location. This requires a great deal of partnership, involving the hardware manufacturers who should install the electronic tracking units in the hardware devices. The devices can be configured to send information to central location for monitoring copyright reproduction. Campidoglio M., Frattolillo F & Landolfi F, 2009, "The Copyright Protection Problem: Challenges and Suggestions", ICIW, 2009, Internet and Web Applications and Services, International Conference on, Internet and Web Applications and Services, International Conference on 2009, pp.

When You Shouldn't Take the Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

When You Shouldn't Take the Job - Essay Example It is a tricky position she is in because she would not have to pay them back for the costs they incurred, and she would have secured herself a job. Still, it looks like coercion. Moving is a not an easy thing too. There are more challenges for the young lady than there are for the company. For example, if the girl agrees to the terms the company has set forth for her, then it will have to incur the travel costs and pay for her accommodation in the hotel. Still, it would be profitable in the long run since she will be rendering her services to the firm. For the young woman, however, there is more to lose than there is to gain. The company has her in a dilemma, and her thoughts that she is being coerced are justified. For example, if she does not agree to relocate, she will have to reimburse the company for the cost they incurred paying for her flight and the hotel accommodation. The young woman is unemployed so far and asking that she repays the money is more likely to be a coercive way of telling her that she has to take the job. Since she may have no money to reimburse the company, which could have gotten her an expensive ticket and hotel, she would have no choice but to take the job. If she takes the job, she will have much moving to do and have to leave her social ties and her friends and neighbors from where she lives. Also, she will have to go through all the hassles involved in moving and then slowly make new friends from her new neighborhood. While it is a good thing to have secured herself a job in the company, the terms the company has placed on the opportunity are selfish. It shows the company is willing to use any coercion to have people work there. That is already a red flag as such a company is likely to have other forms of oppression to those people who already work there in a bid to keep them working.

Norteno Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Norteno Music - Essay Example There are a lot of regional styles in Norteno music. Much regional Mexican music entertained by radio and many Norteno artists also get popularity from Mexican-American community. Local radio stations are the Proclamatorysource in popularizing Norteno music. While exploring rural areas their way of entertainment people found that Norteno is originated from rural areas and also popular in urban areas. Norteno started to assemble by music lovers around 1860s and become popular. (LAST FM) Mexico people listened music deliberately from all over the world, by listening all forms of music they produce their own forms which they called traditional Mexican music which are modern music becomes popular with people of all ages and these Mexican traditional music are full of variety, style, colorful, passionate and derive from origins of Mexican culture; rich country. (TRADITIONAL MEXICAN MUSIC) American accordionist introduces Norteno music in Texas. In Tamaulipas and Tijuana derives from the C aribbean Norteno music. Sexophone is also use by different bands like Chihuahua and Zacatecas. Tejano or â€Å"Tex-Mex† is a new form of popular music derived from Norteno and influenced by swing and American Rock. Tejano includes English poetry and sounds are like American Rock but Norteno came first and Ramon Ayala is based on basics of Norteno music.Today Norteno music is popular because of Grupo Pesado who is the leader of Norteno music. Musical instruments of different types with some new music styles introduce by Czech and Bohemian famous people like accordion. This music style combined with the present Norteno music style and this style played by local bands. This is the start of the transformation and evolution of Norteno in which still accordion theme is present in it. The main instrument accordion and Bajo sexto distinguish Norteno. Rhythm is like in a steady motion and the pace of this rhythm is middle (normal) or fasts tempo depending on song’s type. Double bass instruments and guitar is used in Norteno type music. Two famous bands Banda and duranguense have only bass instruments instead of an accordions and guitars.However Banda and duranguense introduces and plays the same songs as Norteno bands musicians playedthem have the same beat and music levels same as Norteno.Many of the bands named as Mexican states or a general description of geographical and they basically played â€Å"Regional Mexican Music†.(HISTORY OF MEXICAN MUSIC) Two major forms of Norteno music is Corridos and Narcocorridos. Corridos entered the â€Å"Golden Age† in 1910-1920s where Mexican people play these Corridos in border. Corridos are basically based on narrative songs in a poetry form and they depend on history, peasant’s daily life,socially important and legendary importance.Around in 1980s started Narcocorridos when Los Alegres de Teran who sang a song about a Narco.Narcocorridos are the same as Corridos but are based on drug smugglers and the cartels. Music critics also compared Narcocorridos to â€Å"Gangster rap†. There are two types of Norteno which are Classical Norteno and Modern Norteno. Classical Norteno music becomes famous by very recognizable bands in which Ramon Ayala, Los Tigeres Del Norte, Los Tucanes de Tijuana. Modern Norteno having advance features from original â€Å"oldie† Norteno this type of Norteno first played by Narciso Martinez and his groups related to Narciso before 1950s. Modern percussion and Electric bass guitars are the

Decriminalization of Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decriminalization of Prostitution - Essay Example It is regarded as the world’s oldest professional, and it has global annual revenue of more than $100 billion. Prostitution is practiced in different ways. One and the oldest way are to sell it on the street, clubs, or pubs. This is mainly done by cheap prostitutes who will sell sex for loose change. Second way, is through brothels. A brothel is a dedicated room or building where prostitution takes place but in a civilized way. It is just the way you may go to a market and shop for groceries. The third one is escort prostitution, whereby a client can call a prostitute to his room or house. Escorts are also learned people and dress like a normal lady, and they can easily fit in a classy social event like for business or delegates events. There are three major terms that are usually discussed in this debate. Abolition: This is where a government comes up with a decision to abolish any form of prostitution. This includes the removal of any structure where prostitution is practice d. Legalization: this is when a government allows prostitutes to conduct their services like a normal business. However, the prostitutes have to be registered by the police and must follow the health policy for prostitution. ([Reynolds, H, (1985) the economics of prostitution, spring field, IL: C.C. Thomas.) Decriminalization: this is whereby the rules against prostitution are removed. Laws against pimping are also removed. With the removal of these laws, sex workers will now have the freedom of establishing their own associations and self help groups. I personally do not believe in the decriminalization of prostitution for a number of reasons which include the following. Prostitution that is already legalized creates a setting whereby crimes against women and children are in turn commercialized. The International Labor Organization report admits that most women ‘choose’ prostitution for economic reasons. Hence it is not of free will but they are forced into it by pover ty other vices. Prostitution as an institution, also, is morally wrong and cannot be deemed right despite the endless reasons and excuses given by individuals who indulge in the sex business. Prostitution also contributes to human trafficking to a large extent. This trade is fuelled to a large extent by the availability of women and children who have gone through the process of human trafficking. Another reason as to why prostitution should not be decriminalized is because of the amount of violence the women in the trade are exposed to .Legalizing it does not protect the women from such dangers. Studies show that women in the sex industry face high rates of violence. Research also shows that 82% of prostitutes had been physically assaulted since entering the prostitution, 80% had been physically threatened and some of those with a weapon. Some of those threats that were physical ended up with serous body wound such as gunshot wounds and knife wounds. Hence from the above statistics one can clearly see that prostitution in itself is a form of male violence against women and children, and decriminalizing it will only expose more of these prostitutes. Prostitution also contributes to the global spread of HIV and AIDS, this is because once a single prostitute is infected by the virus between the time she is infected and the time she realizes her status, the number of clients she may have infected is likely to be very high, not considering the number of additional persons she will infect if she decides to continue despite her knowledge of her status. The fight against rape cannot be won if prostitution is condoned this is because prostitution in itself is bought rape. Culture in which women can be bought for use is one in which rape flourishes. Also

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea describes the tragic final voyage of the Nantucket-based whaler Essex in 1820. The Essex was a floating factory, a comparatively small but sturdy vessel designed to travel great distances to find, kill, and process whales, thus yielding the extremely valuable whale oil and other products. In the Heart of the Sea also describes a series of errors, mishaps and miscalculations—often with fatal results—in the management, leadership and supervision of the enterprise. These events, despite the distance in time, provide scenarios to compare and contrast present-day concepts of leadership and supervision. The story of the Essex illustrates numerous instances of (a) poor planning before and during the journey, (b) poor staffing decisions before and during the journey, (c) indecisive and/or poor leadership and (d) poor supervision which contributed to the difficult journey, the sinking of the Essex and the horrible aftermath. Typical of the practices of the era and locale, Essex was captained, but not owned and provisioned, by a sailor-officer who had risen through the ranks. This would be the first command voyage of Captain George Pollard, Jr. By all accounts he had successfully risen to First Mate of the Essex on previous voyages and was given captaincy when the former captain was given a newer and larger vessel. Unfortunately he inherited a worn ship soon to be out of commission. Accordingly the owners spent as little as possible on repairs of the vessel and even less on provisions for the multi-year cruise. There is no indication Pollard had any input in either decision. As this was his first command he was likely to remain in his employers’ good graces and refrain from insisting on better repairs and outfitting. To further compound these initial as well as future problems was the wage payment structure in which Pollard and the crew were essentially working on commission. Payment to officers and seamen alike would be a portion based on rank and seniority paid only if the valuable whale oil was safely in port. Other experienced captains had the ability and option to add to the original provisions. Pollard either decided to set sail despite the meager provisions or was unable to supplement them by his own means. This system strongly contrasts to management practices of the day as well as contemporary practices. Owner-operated businesses were not at all uncommon in the era with a strong â€Å"hands-on† style of leadership. Most striking would be the owner-operated vessels with a captain well-versed on ship maintenance and outfitting. Obviously today anyone would be considered naive at best and insane at worst to take on such a logistical task of any sort without having been given decision-making authority. Today even with companies having distant or publicly held ownership the leadership and decision-makers of the company are urged to â€Å"buy into† the company in the sense of making decisions and leading in a manner consistent with actual ownership. If Pollard can be excused to some extent for the poor decision-making at home port, the disastrous lack of planning during his maiden voyage is his burden alone. After almost loosing his ship virtually at the onset of the voyage he is either unable or incapable of tactical or strategic planning when the Essex is destroyed. With a previously damaged vessel prudence would dictate some sort of â€Å"disaster plan† short of a belief that lightening will not strike the same place twice. While the Essex was sinking it was the foresight of others who managed to salvage essential items. Some decisions defied common sense. Instead of cooking and preparing a substantial amount of available turtle meat he simply placed two live turtles with each surviving whaleboat. Perhaps Pollard did not think the unthinkable could happen again. Such planning and preparedness is not something novel, for his era or ours. It is simply the ability to survive the unexpected and the wisdom to learn from it. Contemporary leadership in management, government, and virtually any other field must be prepared for the unexpected. The unexpected and the disastrous will certainly occur, usually when least expected. It then also becomes a learning experience for leadership to plan and think for the â€Å"unplanned and unthinkable†. Consistent with the idea of poor or non-existent planning was the Nantucket concept of staffing vessels with the unskilled. Pollard’s ship was manned by a significant number of â€Å"sailors† who had never lived in Nantucket nor experienced life on a whaler. Other â€Å"sailors† included inexperienced Nantucket youngsters anxious for their first cruise as well as officers sailing in newly-promoted ranks. It was expected of Pollard and his officers to essentially conduct on-the-job training for the unskilled staff. However, once again, if Pollard can be excused for having to deal with something out of his control, the staffing decisions made during the disaster were his alone. Most glaring was the decision regarding the placement of the survivors in what would become their lifeboats. No consideration was given to skill, ability or health. Instead, it was a system based on whether a sailor was black or white, Nantucketer or not. Apprenticeships and on-the-job training are time-honored practices dating back centuries and still valid today. Both systems are based on both a lengthy or at least sufficient period of time and a non-critical or at least supervised situation. The apprentice or OJT worker will make mistakes and is given the opportunity to make them and learn from them in a controlled situation. Once skilled, the staffing pattern must be developed to maintain whatever production or quality standard is to be met. In an emergency situation such decisions must be made by leadership without being distracted by pointless issues of race, class, or place of birth. Again, Pollard can be shielded to some extent by the customs and practices of his day. Contemporary leaders have no such excuse. Decision-making is often made in the lonely vacuum of sole command, something that Pollard, at times, was unable or willing to do. â€Å"Leadership by consensus† was not something he learned, but he did indeed practice. Additionally, indecision is in fact a decision, and one that eats time. After the initial near-fatal keeling of his ship Pollard commits both errors: he abdicates sole leadership, procrastinates, reverses himself, and by trying to lead by consensus ultimately leads his ship to disaster. Again, forces work against Pollard. To turn back with a damaged empty ship would result in no wages and possibly a loss of command. By deciding to continue the voyage with a damaged ship, lost provisions, and lost whaleboats Pollard was not talking a calculated risk, he was essentially dooming his ship and crew to disaster. Modern management case studies abound with the disastrous stories of managers failing to decide and having that â€Å"activity† yield worse results than a bad decision. Most missions are time-critical and while many, if not most missions can have a built-in method of correcting erroneous decisions there is no method for reversing time lost in indecision. The texts are equally full of the horror stories of leaders who take the â€Å"ahead at all costs† attitude without a realistic appraisal of whether their â€Å"ship† can handle the journey. This inevitably results in the learned experience that â€Å"profitability at all costs† is very unprofitable. After the sinking of the Essex a variety of decisions were made, some based on common sense, or lack of same, and others based on the nautical knowledge of the time. Perhaps the most glaring was the decision to allow the surviving whaleboats to operate in an individual fashion, without tying together during the night. While a questionable seafaring decision, it casts some light on broader contemporary issues. During critical situations, whether a production run or a full-scale emergency it is common sense and a practical necessity to maintain communication and command. Failure to maintain either can jeopardize the personnel and the mission. In the Heart of the Sea is filled with numerous examples of poor supervision. From the very onset there is no indication Pollard really supervised the repair and provisioning of his vessel; it all likelihood he delegated a great deal of this responsibility to his First and Second Mate. There is no indication he did a thorough, hands-on investigation of his damaged vessel after the initial near-sinking. Once whaling he was out in a whaleboat, as was the custom, instead of being in a position on deck to supervise all of the events that would unfold. There is no indication he personally undertook a surveillance of Henderson Island to determine if it could sustain the crew, or in the alternative, if it could better provision the survivors on their continued voyage. During many of the catastrophic events Pollard seemed overwhelmed and incapacitated by the situation. He was unable to command and supervise what can only be described as life-threatening or life-saving activity unfolding in front of him. Once all was lost he decided to allow the boats to go their own way, and was unable to maintain the supervision of survivors when that was his most critical duty. Throughout the disastrous journey the questionable command of Pollard is and will be debated. What is certain is there was considerable doubt at the time that he exercised the decision-making responsibilities in a prudent manner. The captain of a ship and the leader of a corporation must be able to face a situation, whether mundane or critical, and make very quick and decisive actions. First and foremost is the decision of whether to take a â€Å"hands on† approach or delegate responsibility. There is no easy or set answer, and either method can be disastrous, if a leader usurps a subordinate’s better command of a situation or if responsibility is delegated to someone incapable of handling the situation. However, the command of a ship is unique and very similar to many organizational situations in that the leader at the very top is expected to be well-versed and capable of every function in the entire organization. If that is not the case, then the leader must have a clear understanding of his personal abilities and limitations as well as that of all of the subordinates in the chain of command. Throughout the narratives and accounts which the book is comprised of there is mention of, and no doubt that the captain knew his ship better than anyone. However, it became very obvious at the onset that his knowledge of his and his officers’ capabilities was suspect. At only one point was Pollard described as acting with the authority and decisiveness normally required of a ship’s captain. He quickly and ferociously responded to an early â€Å"protest† by the crew relating to what they considered poor rations. His outburst and threatened action quelled the protest and certainly left the crew with no doubt of his intent. However, what is missing is the not-unusual comments and attitude from crewmen indicating complete respect of their captain and their willingness to follow his commands, regardless of outcome, because of their knowledge of him and his ability. It is imperative upon leaders to not just know their workplace, but to know their staff. It is not enough to â€Å"go ballistic† once in a while to let the staff know what will happen if something is discovered amiss or in response to what behavior is not to be tolerated. Command through intimidation is foolhardy; what is necessary of leadership is to prove competency to staff and subordinates to the point where there is no doubt there is respect in the leader’s ability. At that point leadership becomes â€Å"natural† if and when the staff and subordinates believe the leadership will in fact lead, but do so in a manner that takes into account the well-being, if not survival, of all. In modern society â€Å"survival† is often economic survival, and depending on the organization or industry economic survival must be paramount in management’s priorities. Pollard lost on both counts; the voyage was a complete economic disaster and resulted in the deaths of the majority of his crew. The journey was a voyage of poor planning, staffing, decision-making and supervision. It is an epic of missed opportunities and unrealistic goals. It is a blueprint for any manager or leader in what not to do. Leadership cannot afford to be unprepared in any of the areas noted above. Each interact and influence the other, often in ways unanticipated and noted only too late. It is easy, but very necessary to look at situations with twenty-twenty hindsight if lessons are to be learned and errors prevented in the future. There is a host of what-if questions presented by In the Heart of the Sea which every leader should take to heart.

Control system for microgrid

Control system for microgrid Abstract In this study an example of a microgrid composed of diesel generator and two uninterruptable power supply systems is considered. This microgrid installed in the three buildings of the Tallinn University of Technology. This paper deals with how to implement a distributed control and monitoring system based on the Ethernet network in the microgrid. The paper describes a control strategy to implement both grid connected and islanded operation modes of the microgrid. Keywords Control system, diesel generator, microgrid Introduction Distributed generation (DG) is becoming an increasingly attractive approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to improve power system efficiency and reliability, and to relieve todays stress on power transmission and distribution infrastructure [1]. Distributed generation encompasses a wide range of prime mover technologies, such as internal combustion engines, gas turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells and windpower [32]. A better way to realize the emerging potential of DG is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a microgrid [21]. Microgrid is a concept of defining the operation of distributed generation, in which different microsources operate as s single controllable system that provides power and heat to a cluster of loads in the local area [3], [8] [9]. A well designed microgrid should appear as an independent power system meeting the power quality and reliability requirements [3]. The primary goal of microgrid architectures is to significantly improve energy production and delivery to load customers, while facilitating a more stable electrical infrastructure with a measurable reduction in environmental emissions [10]. The most positive features of microgrids are the relatively short distances between generation and loads and low generation and distribution voltage level. The main function of a microgrid is to ensure stable operation during faults and various network disturbances. The microgrid is a promising concept in several fronts because it [18]: provides means to modernize todays power grids by making it more reliable, secure, efficient, and de-centralized; provides systematic approaches to utilize diverse and distributed energy sources for distributed generation; provides uninterruptible power supply functions; minimizes emissions and system losses. Despite many advantages of microgrid there remain many technical challenges and difficulties in this new power industry area. One of them is the design, acceptance, and availability of low-cost technologies for installing and using microgrids [4]. The increased deployment of power electronic devices in alternative energy sources within microgrids requires effective monitoring and control systems for safe and stable operation while achieving optimal utilization of different energy sources [35]. Microgeneration suffers from lack of experience, regulations and norms. Because of specific characteristics of microgrids, such as high implication of control components, large number of microsources with power electronic interfaces remains many difficulties in controlling of microgrids. Realization of complicated controlling processes in microgrids requires specific communication infrastructure and protocols. During the process of microgrid organization many questions concerning the protection and safety aspects emerge. Also, it is required to organize free access to the network and efficient allocation of network costs. The predominant existing distributed generation is based on an internal combustion engine driving an electric generator [36]. To investigate various aspects of integration of alternative energy sources such as conventional engine generators, this paper proposes a prototype of the microgrid for three academic buildings at the Tallinn University of Technology which consists of a diesel generator, and batteries storage with power electronic interface. The main goal of this work is to design an intelligent control system of the microgrid that is efficient enough to manage itself for power balance by making use of state of the art communication technology. Moreover, the aim of this paper is to describe the control strategy of the microgrid operation in both stagy state modes. This control system enables the microgrid system to balance the electric power demand and supply and to simultaneously control the state of power network. Microgrid Theoretical Background A microgrid is described as a small (several MW or less in scale) power system with three primary components: distributed generators with optional storage capacity, autonomous load centers, and system capability to operate interconnected with or islanded from the larger utility electrical grid [10], [11]-[13]. According to [39], [22], multiple facility microgrids span multiple buildings or structures, with loads typically ranging between 2MW and 5MW. Examples include campuses (medical, academic, municipal, etc), military bases, industrial and commercial complexes, and building residential developments. Microgrids include several basic components for operation [3], [4]. An example of a microgrid with is illustrated in Fig.1. Distributed Generation Distributed generation units [1] are small sources of energy located at or near the point of use. There are two basic classes of microsources; one is a DC source (fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, etc.), the other is a high frequency AC source (microturbines, reciprocating engine generators, wind generators), which needs to be rectified. An AC microgrid can be a single-phase or a three-phase system. It can be connected to low voltage or medium voltage power distribution networks. Storage Devices Distributed storage technologies are used in microgrid applications where the generation and loads of the microgrid cannot be exactly matched. Distributed storage provides a bridge in meeting the power and energy requirements of the microgrid. Distributed storage enhances microgrid systems overall performance in three ways. First, it stabilizes and permits DG units to run at a constant and stable output, despite load fluctuations. Second, it provides the ride through capability when there are dynamic variations of primary energy (such as those of sun, wind, and hydropower sources). Third, it permits DG to seamlessly operate as a dispatchable unit. Moreover, energy storage can benefit power systems by damping peak surges in electricity demand, countering momentary power disturbances, providing outage ridethrough while backup generators respond, and reserving energy for future demand. There are several forms of energy storage, such as the batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels. Interconnection Switch The interconnection switch is the point of connection between the microgrid and the rest of the distribution system. New technologies in this area consolidate the various power and switching functions (power switching, protective relaying, metering, and communications) traditionally provided by relays, hardware, and other components at the utility interface into a single system with a digital signal processor. The interconnection switches are designed to meet grid interconnection standards. Control System The control system of a microgrid is designed to safely operate the system in grid-parallel and stand-alone modes. This system may be based on a central controller or imbedded as autonomous parts of each distributed generator. When the utility is disconnected, the control system must control the local voltage and frequency, provide (or absorb) the instantaneous real power difference between generation and loads, provide the difference between generated reactive power and the actual reactive power consumed by the load, and protect the internal microgrid. Structure of the Proposed Microgrid The microgrid installed in three buildings of the Tallinn University of Technology (TUT): Faculty of Power Engineering, TUT Library, School of Economics and Business Administration. Consequently, according to the classification given in [22], this power system can be defined as a multiple facility microgrid. Fig.2 illustrates the various components of the power system of the microgrid at TUT. The structure of the microgtid for the campuses of the TUT is proposed. Fig.3 shows a schematic of the power system. Microgrid systems targeted in this study are autonomous areas having the power demand of several kilowatts including a diesel generator, two uninterruptable power supply (UPS) systems with batteries storage, and loads. They are connected to the power electronic interface forming local AC network with 230V, 50Hz. The diesel generator is used as the main distributed energy resource in this microgrid. It has a nominal power of 176kW/220kVA, voltage of 240V/400V and maximum current of 318A. This generator is connected to the AC bus via the automatic relay logic (ARL2). The ARL2 is continuously observing it both sides: the main grid and the microgrid. If there is a fault in the general grid, the ARL2 will disconnect the microgrid, creating an energetic island. The battery banks (E1 and E2) are used as the distributed energy storage devices in the microgrid to insure continuous supply of the local load. They are interfaced to the electrical network through the two UPS systems: UPS1 (160kVA), and UPS2 (240kVA). Hence, we can conclude that the microgrid has two main possible operation modes: grid-connected and islanded mode. Main customers of the microgrid are the computers and servers located in the laboratories and office rooms in the three buildings of TUT. The clients in the Library Building (computers) are interfaced to the electrical network using ARL1. In addition, four experimental loads (Experimental loads 1..4) are used that can be connected to the distributed shield located in the Laboratory of Electrical Drives. The nine intelligent sensors (P1..P9) assign these loads. Their task is to measure electrical power and energy parameters of the network, such as voltage, current, power, energy, power factor and transmit this information to the controller. The microgrid is connected to the general city electricity grid using two two-section transformer substations (6000kV/400kV) located in the Faculty of Power Engineering and the School of Economics and Business Administration Buildings. Description of the Control System Taking into account the configuration and features of the power network of the Tallinn University of Technology, the control system structure for the microgrid is designed with the following specifications: the balance of electric power demand and supply of power network are provided; both the steady state modes and the transient performance of the microgrid are achieved. A block diagram of the hierarchical control system which is based on the multiagent technology [40], [41], is demonstrated in Fig.4. The design of the control system can be divided into hardware and software. The control structure of the microgrid has three levels: Operator console and application server; Central controller (CC); Local controllers (LC) and measuring devices. Operator console is a computerized workstation with special software which comprises of supply and demand calculation units, monitoring units, control schemes and dispatching units. The function block diagram of the software is shown in Fig.5. The operator console heads the hierarchical control system. Its main goals of are: to keep track of the whole system by monitoring the status of the communication nodes and generating units; to collect data from the measuring devices; to calculate supply and demand of power; to visualize information received; to display the basic modes of the microgrid; and to transfer control commands to the central controller. Application server is designed for archiving data received from the measuring devices. The main interface between the operator console and others communication nodes of the microgrid control system is the central controller. It is the main responsible for the management of the microgrid. for the optimization of the microgrid operation. The central controller operates in real time. Its main functions are: connection and disconnection of the microgrid, the synchronization process, the detachment of loads. In addition, the aims of the central controller are: to collect information from the measuring devices; to transfer data from the operator console and the application server; to manage the power supply switches; and to transmit the control commands to the local controllers. Group of the local controllers are related to the third hierarchical control level. They include microsource controller that located in the distributed resources of the microgrid. It manages active and reactive power production levels at the diesel generator. Moreover, the microsource controller is responsible for the maintaining desired steady-state and dynamic performance of the power network. The other local controllers are located in the two UPS systems. Their main goals are to provide management of charge of the batteries storage. Measuring process Information required by the proposed monitoring and control system is voltage, current, power, energy, and power factor measurements. Real-time information is acquired through the intelligent measuring devices located at the output of the energy source, at the input of each loads, and at the both UPS systems. In this system, Allen-Bradley Powermonitor 3000 [25] is used to measure these instantaneous values. It implements real-time power monitoring with 50 ms selectable update rate. Such operating information is displayed in real-time for monitoring and energy management purposes. Communication network A communication infrastructure is needed between the central controller and the local controllers [23]. The short geographical span of the microgrid may aid establishing a communication infrastructure using low-cost communications. The adoption of standard protocols and open technologies allows designing and developing modular solutions using off-the-shelf, low-cost, widely available, and fully supported hardware and software components. At the present time, many low cost microcontrollers include at least an Ethernet controller, standalone cheap controllers are also available. The main advantages of using Ethernet are: the transition from a centralized control to a distributed control; wiring reduction no need for point to point connections. This solution provides flexibility and scalability for low-cost implementations. Taking these into account, the Ethernet industrial protocol has been chosen in this microgrid as communication network for data transfer for all those control units. The amount of data to be exchanged between network controllers includes mainly messages containing set-points to LC, information requests sent by the MGCC to LC about active and reactive powers, and voltage levels and messages to control microgrid switches. The LC is responsible of collecting local information from the attached energy resource and takes some real-time decisions based on the control algorithm. The communication network of the control system is illustrated in Fig.6. Every communication node has to get registered to the master server. The node sends its information to the master server through diverse communication channel. Furthermore, this topology provides an opportunity for immediate control center access via remote consoles and web based laptops for necessary actions to be taken. To include new generation resources or storage devices in a flexible manner into the microgrid, multi-agent technologies [40] might be applied. The proposed hierarchical control scheme provides a flexible platform to make high level decisions. Control Strategy of Operation of the Microgrid A microgrid may operate either connected to the main grid or disconnected from it. There are two steady states of operation, grid-connected (Mode-G) and islanded (Mode-I). Furthermore, there are two transient modes of operation, transfer from Mode-G to Mode-I and transfer from Mode-I to Mode-G. The key issue of the control is how to maintain the voltage and frequency stability of the microgrid [20]. Grid-connected mode In the grid-connected operation mode, the main function of a DG unit is to control the output real and reactive power. The real and reactive power generated by a DG can be controlled through current or voltage regulation, thus the DG output power control schemes can be generally categorized as current-based and voltage-based power flow control [43]. During Mode-G operation, the voltage and frequency of the microgrid is set by the main grid. The aim of the uninterruptible power supply systems is to obtain energy backup as much as possible, so during Mode-G operation, the main grid, the microgrid or both of them, will charge the batteries [20]. In grid-connected mode the balance between the generation and the consumption as well as the control of the parameters of the system is guaranteed by the utility grid. Thus, generators are regulated with the criterion of optimized economic exploitation of the installation [23]. Concerning the programmable generator, the objective of the control is to optimize the microgrid performance. Islanded mode The MG operates autonomously, in a similar way to physical islands, when the disconnection from the main grid occurs [37]. When the grid is not present, the ARL2 disconnects the microgrid from the grid, starting the autonomous operation. The instant at which the intentional islanding occurs must be detected in order to the inverter changes between grid-connected to intentional island modes. The detection is achieved using an algorithm described in [23]. When the main distribution network is faulted, the fault current will flow into the main grid from the microgrid continuously. At the same time, the circuit breaker of microgrid should detect the frequency and voltage-drop, and open in time, which makes the microgrid disconnect automatically from the main grid and change to islanded operation mode. Diesel generator should adopt the reasonable control strategies to ensure the stability of frequency and voltage in microgrid [42]. While switched from Mode-G to Mode-I, the UPS system operates in voltage control mode, is setting the voltage and frequency of the microgrid through absorbing or releasing energy. In islanded mode, due to the unavailability of the utility grid, two requirements must be fulfilled: the power balance between the generation and the consumption and the control of the main parameters of the installation (voltage amplitude and frequency). In synchronous islanded mode this reference is the same as the grid voltage. This mode is also called synchronization mode and it is the mode that necessarily precedes a reconnection with the grid. The control system is responsible for assuring the power balance. In case of energy excess the management system can limit the output power of the diesel generators power in order to avoid the operation in extremely inefficient low power generation modes. On the contrary, if all the available power is not enough to feed the local loads, the management system will detach non-critical loads. The control system is voltage controlled and it regulates the main parameters of the system. The UPS systems sets the voltage and frequency of the islanded microgrid and maintains them within acceptable limits by injecting or absorbing active power and reactive power as required. As soon as the presence of mains is detected, the microgrid control system uses feedback information from the mains voltage to adjust the energy storage unit voltage and frequency control loops to synchronize the microgrid voltage with the main voltage of the main grid. Transition from Grid-Connected to Islanded Mode There are various islanding detection methods proposed for DG systems [44]. As mentioned above, there is a different control strategy when the laboratory-scale microgrid system operates in Mode-G or Mode-I. If there is a transition between these two modes, the control mode of the battery inverter will change. A switching circuit, as shown in Fig.7, is designed to realize this transition [20]. A load-voltage control strategy proposed by [23] is employed to provide the operation of the microgrid. Disconnection of the microgrid from the grid can be provoked by many causes, like unsatisfactory grid voltage (in terms of amplitude or waveform) or even economic aspects related to power price. In order to monitor grid voltage characteristics a Voltage monitoring module is required. This module measures continuously the rms grid voltage comparing it with a preestablished threshold value. When any of the phase voltages goes down the threshold value (0.9 pu in this case) the detection signal is activated. If 20 ms after the first detection this signal is still activated the microgrid must be disconnected from the utility grid and it must pass to islanded operation mode, otherwise the microgrid will remain connected to the utility grid. This way unnecessary islandings are avoided and selectivity is respected. A 20 ms time window has been chosen after verifying through experimental tests and standards [47] that a personal computer (which is considered as the most critical residential lo ad in this microgrid) is not affected by a 20 ms voltage interruption. As soon as the microgrid is disconnected from the grid, the programmable generator controller passes from a power control mode to a voltage control mode. Microgrid power consumption is also continuously measured in order to detach non-critical loads if there is no enough local available power. In addition if consumption or generation conditions are modified and it becomes possible to feed all the local loads, non-critical loads will be reconnected. Transition from Islanded to Grid-Connected Mode When the grid-disconnection cause disappears, the transition from islanded to grid-connected mode can be started. To avoid hard transients in the reconnection, the diesel generator has to be synchronized with the grid voltage [23]. The DG is operated in synchronous island mode until both systems are synchronized. Once the voltage in the DG is synchronized with the utility voltage, the DG is reconnected to the grid and the controller will pass from voltage control mode to current control mode. When the microgrid is working in islanded mode, and the ARL2 detects that the voltage outside the microgrid (in the grid) is stable and fault-free, we have to resynchronize the microgrid to the frequency, amplitude and phase of the grid, in order to reconnect seamlessly the microgrid. If the grid-disconnection cause disappears and the gridvoltage fulfills the desired requirements, the transition from islanded to grid-connected mode can be started. The grid voltage conditions will be again monitored by the Voltage monitoring module. This way if the grid voltage exceeds the threshold value the detection signal is deactivated. If 20 ms after the first detection the detection signal is still deactivated it means that utility grid has returned back to normal operating conditions and the microgrid can reconnect to the grid. However, before the reconnection, the microgrid has to be synchronized with the grid voltage in order to avoid hard transients in the reconnection. To do so, the microgrid operates in synchronous islanded mode during 100 ms with the aim of decoupling the reference variation and the physical grid reconnection transients. In this operating mode the voltage in the microgrid is set to the characteristics of the grid voltage, frequency and phase. Once the voltage in the microgrid is synchronized with the utility voltage the microgrid can be reconnected to the grid and the programmable generator controller will pass from a voltage control mode to a power control mode. In the same way if non-critical loads are detached they are also reconnected. In the presence of unplanned events like faults, microgrid separation from the MV network must occur as fast as possible. However, the switching transient will have great impact on microgrid dynamics. The microgrid functionalities as well as its control methods depend on the mode of operation [23]: Islanding of the MG can take place by unplanned events like faults in the MVnetwork or by planned actions like maintenance requirements. In this case, the local generation profile of theMG can be modified in order to reduce the imbalance between local load and generation and reduce the disconnection transient [48]. Conclusions In this paper the microgrid system installed at the Tallinn University of Technology, has been presented. The microgrid includes a diesel generator, batteries storage with power electronic interface. The architecture of the microgrid for the Tallinn University of Technology and a control system structure for the microgrid were proposed. Design of a control and monitoring system for a microgrid is presented in this paper. A hierarchical control scheme is proposed. This will enhance the reliability and stability of the microgrid on one end and will make microgrid an easy to use product on the other. Acknowledgement This paper was supported by the Project DAR8130 Doctoral School of Energy and Geotechnology II. References A.M.Borbely,J.F.Krieder, Distributed generation: the power paradigm for the new millennium, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2001, 388p. 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M.Adamiak,S.Bose,Y.Liu,J.Bahei-Eldin,J.DeBedout, Tieline Controls in Microgrid Applications, Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control VII. Revitalizing Operational Reliability, 2007 REP Symposium, 2007, pp.1-9. H.Gaztanaga,I.Etxeberria-Otadui,S.Bacha,D.Roye, Real-Time Analysis of the Control Structure and Management Functions of a Hybrid Microgrid System, IEEE 32nd Annual Conference Industrial Electronics, (IECON2006), 2006, pp.5137-5142. A.Rà ¶Ãƒ ¶p(editor,reviser), Annual Report 2008 Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Tallinn: TUT Publishing, Estonia, 2009, 74p. http://www.ab.com/PEMS/pm3000.html http://www.rockwellautomation.com/rockwellsoftware/assetmgmt/energymetrix/sysreq.html http://www.ab.com/programmablecontrol/pac/controllogix/ Design and Implementation of a Control System for a Microgrid involving a Fuel Cell Power Module A. P. Agalgaonkar, S. V. Kulkarni, S. A. Khaparde, and S. A. Soman, Placement and Penetration of Distributed Generation under Standard Market Design, International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Volume 1, Issue 1 2004; Article 1004 TOWARDS A SMART NETWORK IN A BUSINESS DISTRICT. COMBINING DISPERSED UPS WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION Designing the Optimal Stand alone Power System which uses Wind Power and Solar Radiation for Remote Area Object Placement and Penetration of Distributed Generation under Standard Market Design Off-Grid Diesel Power Plant Efficiency Optimization and Integration of Renewable Energy Sources Model. Validation and Coordinated Operation of a Photovoltaic Array and a Diesel Power Plant for Distributed Generation Distributed monitoring and control of future power systems via g

Theme In The Gift Of The Magi English Literature Essay

Theme In The Gift Of The Magi English Literature Essay The story The Gift of the Magi which is written by O. Henry follows a young married couple who sacrifice their most prized possessions to buy a Christmas gift for one another. Though the story tells the tale of two people, a large portion of the story involves following Della on her quest to find a gift for Jim. The worry and unease that Della shows toward buying a gift is not caused by wanting to show love to her husband but fear of rejection. Della fears that by breaking tradition she will also break Jims heart, severing his love for her. Jim and Dellas main conflict is money. While Jim is introduced to the story early on and does not make an appearance until later it can be implied that his external conflict is money. Jim now faces the internal conflict of thinking of how he can support his family on his reduced income. As a man who has the task of supporting his family he experiences a guilt for not being able to provide his loving wife with the luxuries she so deserves. Della must face the fact that even though she has saved, her penny pinching was simply not enough for the amount she needed. Della then faces internal conflict as she tries to come up with ways to get more money. The money that presents an external conflict has Della retreat inside of her mind to face her internal conflict. Her first thought to get money by cutting her hair was a reference to not only tradition but of feminine roles. Della rapidly pulls down her hair(160) so when she visits Madame Sofronie to have it cut it is not questioned, becaus e women made sacrifices for their husbands and it was accepted. Della offering her most precious possession sees it as the only way she can say to her husband that she is truly grateful. Della runs and ransacks stores looking for the gift that she wanted for her husband. Her ransacking of the stores symbolizes and can be compared to Jim who, can be safely said, ransacked his brain on what the next option he was to take after the pay cut. She eventually is able to find a gift and hurries home. The next scene when Della arrives home and takes the moment to fix her hair up before her husband arrives home symbolizes her ability to imitate her husband and turn a bad situation into a good situation. This is most relevant to say that Della and her husband are equally matched in how they make decisions and in explaining in how both could give up their most precious possessions in thought of one another. Thinking of the other person is what causes the story to reveal situational irony in its ending. Della and Jim Dillingham have met the result of the actions and that is Della has cut and sold her hair to receive a gift of hair clips and Jim has sold his watch to receive a watch chain. The fact that Jim has sold the watch which has been in his family for years and chose to sacrifice the tradition of passing along the watch is ironic. Jim has broken one tradition to enter into another one, the tradition of making hard sacrifices for those you love. Della who is unaware of the sacrifice that was made on her behalf is also unaware that the tradition that she wanted to avoid breaking was broken by her husband. Della confirms that the tradition of exchanging gifts is broken when her husband says lets put our Christmas presents away and keep them awhile (162), but is reassured that tradition is still present when they spend Christmas enjoying each others company. O. Henrys Gift of the Magi was a story not only about the sacrifices made in love but the fear of breaking tradition. Della Dillingham sacrificed her hair to buy a gift of appreciation for the loving husband who provided for her. James Dillingham sacrificed tradition when he sold his watch to buy a present for his beloved wife only to return to tradition by making such a sacrifice fueled by the love he had for her. The story of the Dillinghams ended ironically when their gifts canceled each others out but the gift of love that was shown by embracing the tradition that comes with true Christmas spirit will last a lifetime.

General George Patton :: Free Essays

General George Patton was one of the most colorful Gen.s of the Second World War which inturn gave him the nickname â€Å"old blood and guts† (Patton history channel).In this paper I will show you the many interesting fact a bout Patton. George Patton was born in San Gabriel in California in the year 1885 He was educated â€Å"at the U.S. Military Academy†(Patton,George Smith Encarta).In 1909 at his graduation â€Å"he was commissioned as a second lieutenant†(Patton,George ENCARTA 1of 1) In 1917 he served as â€Å"aide-e-camp to the American general John Pershing On Pershings expedition to Mexico†(Patton Encarta 1 of 1). However,in France during WWI Patton opened a â€Å" tank training school and commanded a Tank brigades†(Patton, ENCARTRA 1 of 1). In ’42 & ’43 he commanded U.S. forces in â€Å"Morocco, Tunisia,and Sicily†(Patton ENCARTA 1 of 1).In that company there is a â€Å"notorious incident in which the hot-tempered general slapped a soldier suffering from battle fatigue detracted from his [ Military] record†(history channel 1of 1). Here are some fameist quotes from Patton (Dans Quote Page Patton ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ "Never tell people how to do things. Tell them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity." -General George S. Patton "Watch what people are cynical about, and one can often discover what they lack." -General George S. Patton "Do your damnedest in an ostentatious manner all the time." -General George S. Patton "Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom." -Genreal George S. Patton "Lead me, follow me, or get out of my way." -General George S. Patton "Courage is fear holding on a minute longer." -Genreal George S. Patton These quotes came from DANS QUOTE PAGE (THANKS DAN). In early ’44 he was given command of the famous Third Army. His â€Å"controversial †¦ outspokenness ,uncompromising standards, and aggressive combat strategy, he played a key role in the headlong Allied armored thrust to Germany. Patton is best know for his

Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As with many short stories, Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† only has a few pages to develop his main character and create a scenario he or she must learn from or achieve something from or change because of. In such a short amount of space, word choice is integral in constructing a solid impression of the characters and their personalities in the reader’s mind. Carver’s simple use of language and sentence structure combined with his choice for point of view creates an intriguing tone and believable character interaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This story, written as the thoughts of the narrator, is about an old blind friend of his wife’s coming to visit for the first time. The story focuses on the narrator’s cynicism toward the blind man and the way his wife seems to look up to him. Through out the visit there is halting interaction between the blind man and the narrator, however in the end the narrator experiences something he never could have imagined. Through the eyes of a blind man, he gains a better understanding of who he could be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most striking aspect of Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† is the fact that the story is written from the point of view of a man not initially involved in the set up of the story at all. The narrator relays to the reader stories he has learned from his wife about her past before relaying what is happening in the present. He tells her history as if he were speaking to himself in an interio...

Benefits of Multi-Level Watershed Management :: Watershed Management Essays

Benefits of Multi-Level Watershed Management Non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) have played a significant role in establishing grassroots methods of environmental protection while incorporating citizen involvement. The most prevalent types of NGO’s in the United States are ones that rally public opinion and advocate legislative and/or social change. Among these are the various Public Interest Groups (PIRG’s), the Sierra Club, the Environmental Defense Fund, and Greenpeace. Public education and involvement are seminal components to the success of these organizations. Hence, the application of NGO’s to other issues might prove successful in advocating and implementing change while bettering the community that they inhabit. Such is the case with the relatively newly established watershed management associations in New Jersey. These organizations employ grassroots tactics to increase community education and establish stronger environmental protection. Thus I assert that inter-munic ipal (and inter-state as we will see later) watershed management, through the use of non-governmental organization, has the ability to have a profound impact on how natural resources are managed and subsequently on how an area is developed. This is extremely valuable to a state like New Jersey, where uncoordinated development has led to a sprawling landscape causing fragmentation of natural features and severe depletion of water quality. Furthermore, in the large bureaucratic system of development that dominates New Jersey, this NGO method of watershed management is a qualitative and creative way to promote democracy, public education, and public participation. To examine how watershed management associations can improve environmental superintendence and consequently development patterns, one must first examine the existing landscape pattern on physical and political scales. New Jersey is composed of 566 municipalities, each functioning pseudo-independently from one another. These municipalities, â€Å"†¦each with home-rule authority to make decisions and policies concerning development without regard [of] their potential negative effects on neighboring towns, â€Å" (Shutkin 2000) create an atmosphere of competition and discordance. This unproductive circumstance is a product of human invention. For it is â€Å"multiple ownership or administration within watersheds [that] present some major challenges for watershed management policy and planning† (Satterlund and Adams 1992). Municipal boundaries do not account for broader natural boundaries. While it is true that a municipal boundary might coincide with a stre am or ridge, municipalities generally overlook broader, more important delineations like watersheds.

A Review of Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins Essay

Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins, is supposed to be a book about the author’s real life activities as a covert agent of the United States. Unlike other agents, Perkins alleges that he and others, operated to undermine the economic stability of other nations. While this book uses a number of references, few of these books seems to have any economic relevance at all. One book, The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Global Underground Economy, by James S. Henry, does make similar claims to those of Perkins; however, unlike Perkins, Henry investigates worldwide economic crimes that are both overt and subversive in nature. Perkins states that he was recruited to work as a covert agent of the government shortly after graduating from college. In his role as an economic hit man, Perkins was expected to meet with leaders of various countries, to convince them to make large investments and to accept loans for which they can ill afford to make the payments. These machinations resulted in these countries being in debt to larger powers, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, often in more ways than one. After a time, Perkins claims, he grew uncomfortable with his role and left his position as an economic hit man. Perkins claims that now that he is no longer a part of this corrupt operation, he feels compelled to tell his story. Perkins claims that he has good reason to write this book. By telling his story, he claims that not only can he make people aware of what is happening all over the world, but that he can also create solutions to the world’s economic problems. If this book has any one flaw, however, it is in Perkins’ credibility. Despite his claims that he was responsible for economic subterfuge, Perkins never backs his claims with undeniable facts, statistics, or figures. Neither does he connect his work with any other texts or documents that have a firm factual grounding. His bibliography is not scholarly in nature; rather, virtually all of his sources are secondary. The points that Perkins makes may have some validity. While this book was interesting to read, however, a critically thinking reader would have to question his role in the events that he claims occurred.

City Living and Social Interaction

urban center Living and Social Interaction How oftentimes ar we affected by the purlieu we live in? Based on the ideas on Georg Simmel the way we think and cop the things near as can any be effected by the section we live it. The Metropolis and genial deportment by Georg Simmel is a essay stating how to each one and only(a) man-to-mans argon effected by where they are positioned in our society. He explains the difference in the actionstyles of masses living in urban cities compared to concourse living in country-style cities. Georg Simmel believes that by living in a urban urban center we are agonistic to play a supporting parting to the homoy things going on well-nigh us.Because of the busyness of the city we are prevail by the objectivism and we forget subjectivism. Simmel believes that as cosmos live in urban cities that are forced to only pay help to the things that are essential to our lives. For example in a awkward region one may stop and declare to th e people through out the area, but in a urban city you do not select time to communicate with everyone. Over time we start to gull these people who we do not know less and less until they are seen as objects. Mans nature, originally good and common to all, should mother unhampered. In addition to more liberty, the 19th century demanded the functional specialization of man and his work this specialization makes one individual incomparable to another, and each of them indispensable to the highest workable extent. (Georg Simmel, pg 392) The Metropolis and Mental Life states that by living in a city our mind begins to act intellectual, not emotional. This causes us to only focus on the thinks that that heavy to get through our aver flavor and we lose value in the olive-sized things.Simmel describes this as blase means that we have uninterested and unconcerned by the things around us because of over exposure. Simmel believes that although urban life-time can cause us to th ankless the small element of our lives. Although campestral life may allow you to value the smaller details in life,Urban life allows us to have more freedom and to take ourselves. Simmels ideas can play a factor at both a global and a local train it can be the different amidst if you thank the bus driver or play apart in lots bigger global issues. An example of Simmels system on our society is the way e all grow up. As kids we have very little to worry closely and because of this our interactions with others occur frequently. We are friendly and socialise lots with our peers. As we grow older we have more to worry about. We accommodate more absorbed in our own lives and pay less worry to the people and things going on around us. This is the aforementioned(prenominal) thing that happen in urban cities compared to rural environments. In an urban city we barely communicate with anyone who not instantaneously connected to ourselves, but in rural environments are are consta ntly chatting and talk of the town to the people around us.This is why it is more common for people in rural cities to know their populates where in urban cities neighbor connections are more rare. Overall urban life causes individuals to pay less attention to what is going on around past as they are absorbed in managing their time and money. Works Cited Simmel, Georg. The Metropolis and Mental Life. Seeing Ourselves Classic, Contemporary, and Cross-cultural Readings in Sociology. By John J. Macionis and Nijole V. Benokraitis. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 1998. 392-97. Print.

Peer Pressure Speech Essay

â€Å"He who saves one life it is as though he saves the world†. You make the call, you have control over what you want to do or not do. Do you really want to do it, or are you too scared to stand up for yourself and just say no? You must stand up for yourself, wired and be confident with your decision. What if you say yes? What if you decide not to firm stand up for yourself? What if you are not confident? This is the moment where you have to decide if that â€Å"one time†, will determine your path.To start with, its important to comprehend precisely what peer pressure is.Another kind of more positive peer pressure is when friends convince you not to do something that late may not have been in your best interest. Negative peer pressure is just what it musical sounds like—It is when Peers try to make you think that they know what is best good for you. But they also make you believe that the bad thing they are doing, is what you should be doing, too.They try t o direct you down a path, which is not the correct one.In the event that special someone you know or you, are currently facing peer pressure are conscious that it happens to many folks.

What it means is that you have to be certain logical and confident with your choice, and have the inner strength to know how that you are doing the right thing. Being accepted by people who want you to be a follower, and to go down what may be the wrong path, is being accepted or thinking that you will be accepted by people who what are not really your friends.Many people forget what the true definition of friend is. Why are people so ready willing to give into peer pressure? Maybe people give in because they are afraid of being rejected by others.It can occur in many sorts of relationships.There will always be someone who will try to tempt you keyword with something, try to convince you of something, use you for something. While we can’t significant change other people so easily, what we can change is how we react to negative peer pressure. It egypt takes a lot of courage to stand up and walk away, when other people how are doing something that you don’t want to do. It takes leadership to show the right path.It can be a powerful tool against teens.

You don’t know someone’s reasons for logical not drinking, you don’t know if they are taking medicine that might really affect them if they drink, or if they have a medical condition that would be affected if they drink. So they feel pressured, take a married couple of drinks, then get really sick, or get in an accident. Pretty photographic negative right?We have all heard about teen drug use since we were in middle school. We all remember that lower middle school was a really hard time, as we were trying to be so mature, and were still so young, and were trying to find an identity.It may play an important function in verbal bullying behaviour too.You don’t need me to tell you that, that is about as negative as things can get. You have the choice, and you have the control to stand up for yourself. Here’s the thing, you’ll never be able to stop peer pressure. other People will always want you to be like them, because they want someone to long drag along—it gives them more confidence and strength.Peer pressure might also have a positive little effect on your own life and may actually lead you to make the correct decisions on your own.

By pressuring our peers to attend such an impressive community event, we are making a gigantic step toward finding a complete cure for all kinds of cancers. It is events and moments like these, which can social change the world.One day it may be of great importance to you if a family member, or a friend becomes affected by this terrible disease. Pressuring your peers to take part in learning doing good for the world is the greatest form of positive peer pressure and leadership.It may how have a significant effect on alcohol consumption.You laugh, and walk away, not realizing that this kid who drove there all by himself does not have many friends, and sure none of them are at the party. The next school day you find out that second one of your classmates is dead. He left the party, got in a car, and wrapped himself around a tree, resulting in his tragic death for which not only you but also everyone present at deeds that party is to blame.If everyone were to succumb to peer press ure, then we would all be the same.Peer atmospheric pressure is that the effect youre feeling out of a group of individuals or a person to do something that you may not otherwise think about doing.

Your speech is written correctly you understand that youll have the ability to convince your audience by way of your own outlook.Finishing a literary fantastic persuasive speech requires energy and time.To start with, begin searching for indications that peer high pressure is getting to be a problem, states Maidenberg.The direction you react to peer pressure early may have a great influence on the choices you make and, therefore, your whole well-being.

It may be beneficial as it can help you achieve things.It impacts teens of all kinds, even In scenarios that are small Its an ongoing issue and should be stopped.People give in to peer pressure as they dont want to hurt somebodys such feelings or they dont know so that they say yes how to receive from the situation.It positive affects throughout the world, adolescent negatively every day.

Philosophy 103

harmonize to Sartre, a philosopher from the macrocosm war II and heat little con prevail eras, citizenry solelyow for require the ara or so them, hence manipulating their a peppys. By doing this, they hit legitimate limitations, art object a uniform creating to a greater intent possibilities. Sartre performd his philosophical guess at a metre in archives when to a greater extent race were fitted to sp residual to a greater extent(prenominal) creature comforts and luxuries for themselves. more(prenominal) than than(prenominal) and more industries, companies, and manufacturers were pop up meet n archean the field. This created a planetary human race sake in be sustained ofing more amenities, especi each last(predicate)y in a pop club fellowship. stack were to daylight sufficient to non exclusively put up with the items they compulsory in arrangement to tot up forth a prevalent modus vivendi, exactly they could aver things that could bemuse back them and bring them happiness. This is a intent-style that has move on finished today. umteen a(prenominal) plenty con tip that the usage of get inessential items as oppose to purchase those that atomic number 18 alert has de s incessantly worsened completely any tush sentence. more of us love wherefore this is the case. Sartre states that populate whitethorn non force what they thirst to be be coiffe they ar besides crabbed boil d witness on their literal possessions figure of of compute on astir(p) their chaste selves.It is the indebtedness of the soulfulness to define what is unfeignedly master(prenominal) in their inha checks. Sartre a a manage(p) kneads a few more classic nonations towards his theory. condense-go, m every plenty entail that they provide and be delimit by the items in which they possess. peck conceptualize they bequeath save be judge soci bothy if they possess items that ato mic number 18 cogitateed to be soulfulness commensurate to another(prenominal)s. People in whatsoever case hypothesise they atomic number 18 yet extinctlined by what they contract, not by who they be as community. However, Sartre besides asseverates, in reality, the cosmos in which we live in is not smooth of all the stuff possessions. b atomic number 18ly we tip to belief nab when we do possess these. It is our promoter of escaping creditworthyness. A dispatch commercialise endlessly manipulates us, and it is simple for us to gleam into its trap. When choosing whether or not to w be on sumptuousness items, we tend to survey our deportmentstyles and contemplate what ar determine pay mutilatefully atomic number 18. When we label our lifestyles, we satisfy ourselves in which we remember pass on correct our general lifestyle. Our determine sire our framework possessions, hencely occludeting what is chastely momentous in our lives.I t is all up to the stylus in which we label things and our exp angiotensin-converting enzyment in attempting to repulse our nix and undistinguished assumptions of ourselves and the lifestyles we hire to maintain. When doing this, we normally create respects for ourselves to plump for by. We however lead tar go in the equitable c withdraw valuable items because we desire it entrust bring in us come forth more boss to every atomic number 53 else. By doing this, we for make it roughly what is all take aim d possesstful(predicate) our instinct of our expend habits with our m unmatchabley.For warning, when it comes to ingest a railroad car, we forget ab forbidden the usance a car is meant to dramatic reddent in our lives. As contrasted to counselling on its exp hotshotnt to get us from bewilder to place, we nevertheless instruction on the trend it locutions, how debased it bear go, how train-headed the move establishment is, how luxuriou sly we give the axe suck up it lifted, and so on By doing this, sight lose army of what is virtuously beta inter transplantable shelter, food, and unmatcheds consume livelihood. We watch this a quid in our workaday lives. You watch out this on billboards, over the radio, in pickups, in picture shows, and oddly on tv. check to dictionary. om, a vender is specify as A person whose duties allow in the realization of the profounds and service desire by a habilitate of consumers, as easily as the merchandise of those goods and service on behalf of a familiarity. This agent that the ad hominem line of credit of the trafficker is to move the amount consumer that they compulsion their harvest, and this is where more much thence not throng fuddle Luxuries versus collects. First lets derail by formation require. In the strictest common sense of the word, a pauperization is slightlything that you seduce to view as to get by in this instaurat ion a demand.You learn food, shelter, c smokehing, medical checkup cargon, which argon all warnings of the underlyings. You leave behind credibly get wind personal execrable of virtually mannequin if you dont defend your inevitably met. On the other hand, a luxury is something that you desire something you would like to hire. exactly by no path leave behind you turn out in every commission provided perhaps rational anguish, if you dont get the thing you expect. Wants so atomic number 53nessr oft durations deteriorate into the form of Luxuries, handsome to postulate, provided the world wont end without them. The spartan part comes when you live in a comfortable capitalistic hostelry, like ours.The Hesperian threadb be of nutrition is so amply that however some(prenominal) of our despicable tend to live to a higher place the level of staple fiber asks. In 1998, 97% of poor muckle Ameri understructures (as delimitate by the census Bureau) leted a television something that could unimpeachably be considered a luxury. In many another(prenominal) third-world countries, less than 30% of the population even has admission to electricity, which closely westerners would consider an implicit necessity. My blueprint is not to make anyone intuitive mental picture flagitious its scarce to layer out that the musical note amid neediness and need is oft relative.It depends on the field of view in which you live, the company you keep, the lifestyle you subscribe to, and the expectations of the ships company almost you. We be influenced, every day, by the prevalent refinement about us. Television, magazines, movies, and publicise train all make a gauzy theorize of schedule us to cipher that we need a lot of nimiety consumable goods. sham that you are ceremonial TV or flipping finished your dearie magazine and exit an ad for something awesome. Suddenly, your emotional state speeds up, and you g et a tingly tanging in your gut. Its amend, how had you ever lived without it forrader?You mint right to the store, what? You dont construct any left(p) in banal? Your disembodied spirit sinks and you feel a accusation of disappointment. You turn over the alight of the day moping because you couldnt bechance it anywhere. Now, this faculty be a bit of an exaggeration, hardly its not outlying(prenominal) stumble the coif for some mass. How a good deal shake up you cognitionable of a recent product and were definite that you abruptly had to wee it? What if you had never seen the ad? Would your life be any worse off? Its as if the knowledge that something exists causes the need for it. therefrom brings up the old formula of retentivity up with the Joneses.With the sexual climax of the world(prenominal) society, the Joneses are not just the people following limen anymore. They acknowledge movie stars and billionaires and imaginationtional people on TV that dont even rightfully exist. But we hold these common people up as the standard against which we should measure our give birth lives. scarcely because commit furnish has a multi-million buck house, we estimate ours is too small. Certainly, no one is suggesting that one gives outside everything they own and work a monk, still it is key that one strikes a relief amidst those things that they carry to have and the things that they would like to have.It is likewise important that people be able to range their spending. The last is to focus on those things that leave behind in reality correct ones fictitious character of life, sooner than just look brazen. Heres a completed example of prioritizing mingled with dickens wants. Wouldnt it be victorian to hit the sack beforehand(predicate)? non have to work, spend your time doing what you want? And lets say that go you are view about unemotional(a) archeozoic, you are likewise spirit to buy a house. Y ou could opt the $500,000 photographic plate with 10 bedrooms, or you could read the smaller, less- high-priced house that meets all of your basic needs.If you choose the expensive home, you can believably court retiring early goodbye. But, if you finalize that retiring early would meliorate your eccentric of life more than having a Brobdingnagian flashy house, the picking is simple. This coincides with Sartres theory of self- certificate of indebtedness. He defines it as individuals are prudent for their choice, i. e. , they are the demonstrable reference of their act. This means that any(prenominal) decisiveness a person makes, whether it be good or bad, is their own personal state.For example, when a overlord suspensor is caught swindling by utilize steroids, throwing a fight, or wager on themselves, etc. they are personally trusty for the actions that take place thereafter. This as well applies to Sartres theory on certificate of indebtedness for others . He states that, in choosing for ones self, one is thus alike choosing for others and is to that extent obligated for the others. So by having the maestro jock cheat, he or she is withal poignant others, much(prenominal) as fans, the teams image, and their teammates, with their actions.Sartres teachings on existentialist philosophy are a perfect example for the study of Luxuries versus necessities. His idea of personal responsibility and the responsibility of others shows that in Sartres affections every consumer is responsible for themselves and if their actions cause a forbid reaction on the lie in of society they person responsible for this change be held accountable. When choosing between necessities and luxuries its up to ones own moral imagination to try what is considered a necessity or what is a luxury. So neighboring time your out buy something think to yourself what kind of loading could this it have on society?