Study And Analysis On Hedge Funds Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1480 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Hedge funds can be distinguished from mutual funds by a number of key characteristic. Different financial instruments are used by hedge funds to reduce risk, increase returns and minimize the correlation with equity and bond markets. Compare to mutual funds, hedge funds normally have more flexible investment strategies and are more flexible in their investment options, such as using short selling and derivatives which include puts, calls and options etc, and can also decide to have a higher level of leverage. Many hedge funds can deliver returns which are not correlated to any market and aim to have absolute or positive targets that are not correlated to the development of the market while mutual funds aim to have relative return in the results of the fund compared with an index. The structure of fee in hedge funds and that in mutual funds are also different. Hedge fund managers usually invest their own money in their fund. Mutual funds only have a management f ee which is a few per cent of managed capital while hedge funds normally have a fixed fee which is around two per cent of the managed capital and a variable fee which is around 20 per cent of any earnings lower and higher than the return target. When a variable fee is charged only if the value of funds is larger than its previous top value, some hedge funds would set a limit for when the variable fee may be levied. Most hedge funds are primarily intended to be managed by investment professionals who are experienced or financially strong individuals. One of the key characteristics of hedge funds is that it only allows investors to withdraw their money from the fund on a monthly or quarterly basis while mutual funds can provide liquidity on a daily basis. This can improve investments when there are less liquid assets. There are around 14 unique investment strategies of hedge fund and there are differences between them because all hedge funds are not the same. Many hedge funds prote ct their investments against losses and downturns in markets, but this does not apply to all of them. For example, some hedge fund strategies which are not related to equity markets can transfer similar returns with a very low risk of loss, while others may be as or more volatile than mutual funds. And the hedge fund strategies are also including selling short, using arbitrage, trading options or derivatives, investing in anticipation of a specific event and investing in deeply discounted securities etc. For example, short selling strategy means selling shares but not holding them and expecting to buy them back at a lower price in the future. Among the various hedge fund strategies, there are huge differences in investment returns, volatility, and risk. Reducing volatility and risk are the targets of most hedge funds when they are trying to keep capital and transfer absolute or positive returns under all market conditions. Strà ¶mqvist (2008) and ECB (2007) show that the hedge f und market has developed dramatically between 1996 and 2007. Around 2000 Hedge funds managed about USD 135 billion dollars in 1996 and the figures were increased to 10000 and USD 2000 billion in the end of 2007 (see Figure 1). In this period, not only hedge funds have grown in size, but also numbers of strategies used has changed. Hedge funds can affect financial markets positively or negatively and perform two functions on the financial markets. Firstly, liquidity in the financial market can be improved by hedge funds. When there is a higher liquidity in the financial market, pricing should be more effective. Compare to other investors, hedge funds would like to buy or sell more assets and they can invest in markets and instruments with less liquidity while mutual funds cannot. Moreover, hedge funds usually play an important role in new markets. Liquidity in the financial market can therefore be increased. Secondly, hedge fund can use arbitrage strategy to let managers achieve i n mispricing. Investors should purchase undervalued assets and then sell overvalued assets out, so that prices can be balanced and also can be shifted closely to fundamental values. As a result, the market can be more effective by improving pricing. However, there are also some negative effects occurred by hedge funds on financial market. It may occur higher risks due to the flexibility. For example, a higher level of leverage can produce larger profits, but risks can also be increased. If a wrong investment is applied, hedge fund will collapse. And also, the use of borrowing and of derivatives can have effects on financial market. There are several events happened in financial markets in the period 2007-2009. The financial crisis of 2007-2009 is caused by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system and it has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bail out of banks by national governments and downturns in stock markets around the world. Fo r examples, Bear Sterns hedge funds collapsed in the beginning of 2007 and these funds had highly leveraged portfolios with credit instruments related to the US market for housing bonds; Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc which was a global financial-services firm declared bankruptcy in 2008; the Icelandic banking sector collapsed and hedge funds are accused of speculating against the currency and the economy in Iceland (Affà ¤rsvà ¤rlden, 31 March 2008) etc. The financial crisis 2007-2009 has affected hedge funds more than they have affected the crisis while there are still lack of evidences to show that the crisis is caused by hedge funds . Hedge funds had poorer returns due to the financial crisis. According to the changes in regulations to manage the financial market in 2008, hedge funds have been affected. The changes in regulations are about to prevent short selling which affected different hedge fund strategies. Short selling is one of the major strategies of hedge funds. When it was prevented in the falling market, hedge funds would not be able to sell shares and to buy them back at a lower price in the future. And also, it would be much harder to protect long positions through short positions and to use certain arbitrage strategies. Hedge funds then applied a short bias strategy to create back a higher positive return. In the financial crisis 2007-2009, future movements in values of assets cannot be foreseen easily because the volatility in shares and prices was very high. While the share prices increased and the commodity prices decreased suddenly, many hedge funds were experiencing problems. And also, the problems of banks have affected hedge funds which are in the form of more restrictive lending, higher borrowing costs and assets related to bankruptcies such as Lehman Brothers. The hedge funds were forced to sell assets in a falling market and this affected their returns negatively. Moreover, the financial crisis 2007-2009 has also affected v arious types of assets. Hedge funds normally assume different types of risks including credit, duration and liquidity by receiving premiums which usually produce majority of the profits of hedge funds. In the crisis, the higher degree of risk taking did not lead to higher profits because different types of assets has been affected by the downturn and at the same time all the profits that gained from the premiums has been cancelled by the market. The losses made in the crisis could not be covered by the increased risk premiums. Sometimes, hedge funds may also have both positive and negative effects on the financial crisis. There are many benefits of Hedge funds. For examples, many hedge fund strategies can generate positive or absolute returns in both rising and falling equity and bond markets; in a balanced portfolio, hedge funds comprehension can lower overall risk and volatility of the portfolio and also increases returns; there are huge amount of hedge fund investment styles a nd many of them are nor correlated to each other, therefore, investors would have a wide range of hedge fund choices in order to meet their different investment purposes; it is proved by some researches that hedge funds usually have higher returns and lower risk comparing to other investment funds and also hedge funds create more stable long-term investment returns than any of the individual funds etc. There are also critiscisms of Hedge funds including Transparency, Systemic risk, Market capacity, U.S. investigations, Performance measurement and Value in mean/variance efficient portfolios etc. In conclusion, hedge funds had both positive and negative effects on financial markets but had been affected by the events in financial markets in the period 2007-2009. For examples, most types of asset and markets has been affected by the downturn and it has reduced the diversifications effect; hedge funds had been affected by the changes of regulation and hedge funds which are in the for m of more restrictive lending, higher borrowing costs and assets related to bankruptcies such as Lehman Brothers have been affected by the problems of banks etc. Therefore, the performance of hedge funds became worse. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study And Analysis On Hedge Funds Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Australian Foreign Policy And Australia s Relations With...

Australian foreign policy is characterised by a series of significant issues that are all inter-related. This piece will focus on Australia’s relationship with the US, Asylum Seeker policy and Australia’s relations with Asia. Relationship with the US Australia has had a long and close relationship with the United States. US-Australian relations are underpinned by the ANZUS treaty, finalised in 1951. The relationship is underpinned by shared values, culture, social bonds and common strategic interests. However, the partnership has become a problem within Australian foreign policy for a variety of reasons. Firstly, there is concern regarding the responsibilities we have placed upon ourselves as an Ally. Although we are not obligated to join the US in war, we are consistently following them into overseas conflicts that we otherwise have no interest in. As it currently stands, Australia has fought in numerous wars alongside the United States in the years since the conception of the ANZUS treaty, and we are yet to win one. Australia appears to be under the impression that we are under the military protection of the US, and this is often stated as a reason for maintaining close ties with the global power. This is simply not the case; our partnership does not force either party to come to the aid of the other. The United States will not come to our defence in the case of a conflict unless it is within their own interests. Secondly, our alliance with the US has placed aShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Relationship With Indonesia1712 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Australian-Indonesian relations are the foreign relations between the two countries, whether economically, politically, legally or socially. Australian-Indonesian relations involve an interaction in foreign policies between the two nations (Wolfsohn, 1951, p. 68). 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There were many theatres of war throughout such as the South-East Asian theatre which was one of the bloodiest conflicts during the war and lasted from 8 December 1941 – 9 September 1945. The balance of power shifted continuously throughout the theatreRead MoreWhy Did Australia Become Involved in the Vietnam War Essay892 Words   |  4 Pageswent from 1965 to 1975 involved America and its allies, including Australia, aiming to prevent South Vietnam from an invasion by the communist North Vietnaese. There were many key reasons for A ustralia’s involvement in the Vietnam War. The Americans provided valuable support when they arrived at our aid during the WWII so Australia felt a responsibility to return a favour to the US to maintain healthy foreign relations. Australia also became implicated in the war due to the threat posed by the expansion

Supporting Legalization Marihuana Presented-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Supporting Legalization Marihuana Presented? Answer: Introduction Recently, Canada announced its plan of legalizing the recreational use of marihuana by the end of July 2015 and proved that it is a cool next door neighbour of United States. The legalization of the recreational use of marihuana was fulfilment of one of the campaign promises of the present Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau. Marihuana had been legal in the nation since 2001; though, this is a move for an industrialization large nation moving towards legalizing a controversial drug (Molly, 2017). In the following parts, the reasons for supporting legalization of marihuana have been presented. Legalization of Marihuana Just because Canada has decided to legalize marihuana, it is not a good enough reason for it to be right. And so, there is a need to highlight compelling cases for legalizing recreational use of marihuana. The first point in favour of this is the medicinal properties of marihuana, which are well known (Welsh Loria, 2014). In this regard, a crucial point which needs to be highlighted is that the view of legalizing marihuana is not just of Canada. 57% of the adults of United States, as per a 2016 Pew Research study, believe that marihuana needs to be made legal in the nation and only 37% believed that it should continue to be illegal (Geiger, 2016). So, not only the people of Canada support the legalization of marihuana, but also of the neighbouring nation, i.e., US. Another substantial point which is to be taken into consideration for legalizing pot is that it is not a gateway drug, as is the conception of the opponents of its legalization (Szalavitz, 2015). Even though the people are like to use other drugs instead of opting for marihuana smoking, there is nothing to show that the reason for this is pot. A major problem is continuing to not give marihuana a legal status is that the enforcement of the marihuana related contraventions continue to be an expensive affair and the resources which are used to punish these contraventions, can instead be put to use somewhere else. As per the Human Rights Watch and the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) 2016 report, around six million people were arrested in US alone for possessing marihuana (Williams, 2016). Added in this is the cost of keeping the individuals behind bars and the money and resources of the court used on such individual, which results in a big mess (Luis, 2016). One can also not deny the fact that legalization of marihuana would result in addition of billions of dollars to the economy of any nation, in a very quick manner. As per the article published by CNBC back in 2010, the earnings from legalization of pot would be vaguely around $10 billion to $120 billion for every year (Nelson, 2010). This infusion of money would boom any economy. Apart from this, a lot of money can be made from tax revenues, where tax is imposed after marihuana is legalized. This would provide government with additional cash, which can be used by it in different programs. Nearly $70 million were generated from July 2014 to June 2015 by Colorado, solely from the taxes imposed after marihuana was legalized (Sweet, 2015). Following that year, the amount which was brought in as taxes stood approximately at $200 million (Williams, 2017). A key worry which is made by the opponents of legalization of marihuana is that it results in increased crime. However, the test cases in Washington and Colorado show otherwise. Even though there was a minimalistic rise in crime in the past few years in Denver, there was nothing to show that this was due to the legalization of marihuana, as the crimes related to marihuana composed of less than one percent of all the other offences committed (Ingold, 2016). There is also no denying to the fact that there are a number of other things which are legal and which result in deaths of people, in comparison to which, marihuana does not seem dangerous. Use of alcohol beyond limits causes around 88,000 deaths every year (CDC, 2016). The overdose of prescription drugs results in 25,000 deaths every year (CDC, 2017). Cigarettes kill over 480,000 individuals on annual basis (National Institute of Abuse, 2017). There is still a case to be reported where a person died from overdosing on marihuana (D rug Enforcement Administration, 2017). Furthermore, the indirect effects of marihuana can also be avoided by taking proper care (Couch, 2015). In comparison to the other drugs like alcohol, opioids, cigarettes and even caffeine, marihuana is not that addictive (Molly, 2017). Even though there have been cases where the people have stated that they became addicted to marihuana, but 91% of the cases are such, who did not become addicted after using marihuana (Arkowitz Lilienfeld, 2012). A significant benefit which would be attained from the legalization of marihuana is that the power would be taken from the hands of the violent drug cartels, along with reducing unlawful crossings on border, thus, effectively resulting in countless lives being saved, particularly in context of the pitiful situation present at the border of US and Mexico (Molloy, 2015). Even though this discussion favours legalization of marihuana, the need for taking care cannot be denied, particularly because cannabis is linked to some particular mental illnesses. This is because the relationship with marihuana is linked to anxiety and depression, even though a casual relationship between the two has not been established scientifically. Further, there is evidence to show that the teens who regularly smoke pot have to face long-lasting damage to their immature brain. And the impact of smoking anything on lungs is also an area of concern (Grant, 2017). Then again, this is also true for the already legalized items like cigarettes. However, every aspect has certain negated points, because of which, the particular aspect cannot be denied credibility. For instance, caffeine addition is also an issue of concern, but that does not mean that it needs to be made unlawful. And so, legalization of marihuana in a careful manner is the need, to counter its negated impact. Conclusion Thus, it can be effectively concluded that marihuana should be legalized in not only Canada, but also in other nations. There is not one, but several reasons for doing so, which includes the increased revenues, which would boost the economy and the increased taxes, which can be used by the government for different purposes. Along with this, the medicinal use of marihuana cannot be denied. Thus, legalization of marihuana is a right step. References Arkowitz, H., Lilienfeld, S.O. (2012). Experts Tell the Truth about Pot. Retrieved from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-pot/ CDC. (2016). Fact Sheets - Alcohol Use and Your Health. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm CDC. (2017). Fast Facts. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/ Couch, R. (2015). A study found the unintended way legalized marijuana is likely preventing overdose deaths. Retrieved from: https://www.upworthy.com/a-new-study-found-the-unintended-way-legalized-marijuana-is-preventing-overdose-deaths-rc2-3f Drug Enforcement Administration. (2017). Drug Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/drug_data_sheets/Marijuana.pdf Geiger, A. (2016). Support for marijuana legalization continues to rise. Retrieved from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/12/support-for-marijuana-legalization-continues-to-rise/ Grant, K. (2017). What Canadas doctors are concerned about with marijuana legalization. Retrieved from: https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/what-canadas-doctors-are-concerned-about-ahead-of-marijuana-legalization/article34694165/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com Ingold, J. (2016). Marijuana legalization unlikely to blame for Denver crime increase. Retrieved from: https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/17/marijuana-legalization-unlikely-to-blame-for-denver-crime-increase/ Luis, N.S. (2016). The DEA just wrote a letter to Congress about marijuana. It's a big deal. Retrieved from: https://www.upworthy.com/the-dea-just-wrote-a-letter-to-congress-about-marijuana-its-a-big-deal Molloy, P. (2015). The Mexican Supreme Court's marijuana ruling could save lives on both sides of the border. Retrieved from: https://www.upworthy.com/the-mexican-supreme-courts-marijuana-ruling-could-save-lives-on-both-sides-of-the-border Molly, P. (2017). Canada is legalizing marijuana. Here are 9 reasons the U.S. should too. Retrieved from: https://www.upworthy.com/canada-is-legalizing-marijuana-here-are-9-reasons-the-us-should-too National Institute of Abuse. (2017). Overdose Death Rates. Retrieved from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates Nelson, A. (2010). How Big Is The Marijuana Market?. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/id/36179677 Sweet, A. (2015). Marijuana brings more tax dollars than alcohol. Retrieved from: https://www.csbj.com/2015/09/15/marijuana-brings-more-tax-dollars-than-alcohol/ Szalavitz, M. (2015). Once and for All, Marijuana Is Not a Gateway Drug. Retrieved from: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9bgn7a/why-marijuana-is-not-a-gateway-drug-1013 Welsh, J., Loria, K. (2014). 23 Medical Uses of Marijuana. Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.in/23-Medical-Uses-Of-Marijuana/articleshow/34015633.cms Williams, T. (2016). Marijuana Arrests Outnumber Those for Violent Crimes, Study Finds. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/13/us/marijuana-arrests.html?_r=0 Williams, T. (2017). Marijuana tax revenue hit $200 million in Colorado as sales pass $1 billion. Retrieved from: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/marijuana-tax-revenue-hit-200-million-in-colorado-as-sales-pass-1-billion-2017-02-10

Who Was More to Blame for the Cold War, the Usa or the Ussr Essay Example

Who Was More to Blame for the Cold War, the Usa or the Ussr? Paper Who was more to blame for the cold war, the USA or the USSR? This Cold War has affected the world from 1945 until now. The blame lies on one of these two countries. I believe it is these party’s leaders who should be blamed for the cold war, not the countries. At the time, these two countries were on very precarious political and military terms, which were ready to fluctuate at any moment. These two countries had lead Europe to a standstill. The two, were in a dangerous state of political tension. So much so that they had stopped short of armed warfare. The two countries had led themselves into a Cold War. This is due to the fact that both of these superpowers were in the possession of nuclear weapons. The USA and the USSR are the two main culprits. Britain is not classified as a culprit, as in 1949 the British could no longer sustain the costs that this war against communism required. The USA and the Soviet Union were the main superpowers as they could sustain themselves and both countries were in possession of very dangerous and destructive nuclear weapons. I believe we should question which of the country’s leader’s caused Europe to find its self in this state. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Was More to Blame for the Cold War, the Usa or the Ussr? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who Was More to Blame for the Cold War, the Usa or the Ussr? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who Was More to Blame for the Cold War, the Usa or the Ussr? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I believe Stalin and his Red Army are to blame. This is so as Europe had recently recuperated from the Second World War. Through Stalin’s rash and reckless actions he reacted exactly as Hitler had done. Stalin had used the timorous excuse of a buffer zone to expand his empire. Originally, Stalin was to obtain his clutches on the east of Germany –as agreed at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences- later on however, Stalin occupied the Baltic States, Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary without concession. This showed the capitalists just how untrustworthy this leader was. Not only did Stalin occupy these countries, he dictated their government and politics, whilst indoctrinating communism into their societies. By expanding his empire in such an illicit manner, Stalin arose a great deal of suspicion. Truman was especially cynical about Stalin’s intentions, as he believed Stalin’s ambition was to expand his empire and therefore acquire enough power to conquer the USA. There was reasoning behind Truman’s suspicions. The Soviets had proved how ruthless they were after having made an allegiance with the capitalists. The allies were untrusting towards the Soviets, as they had formerly signed a non-aggression contract with Hitler. This simply proved that Stalin would unite with the most powerful body in order to profit from it. This caused further conjecture with the USA and therefore worsened their relations helping to cause the Cold War. Communism in itself caused the allies to become uneasy. This is due to the combination of the vivid memory of the Second World War and the acquired financial and nuclear power of the Soviets. This and the opposing ideologies caused the Americans to relive World War Two. These ideologies had been present for a substantial amount of time but the factors above caused the already weak ‘relationship’ to crumble further. Stalin’s fierce expansionism caused the USA to react. Truman decided that he had to address this uprising problem. This caused the Truman Doctrine to be introduced to the American Congress. This form of aid –which was detested by Stalin- was forced upon by himself. This caused the liaison to suffer a great strain on their relationship. The Soviets suffered great losses as a result of this as the Red army were losing allies. The USA did this by giving economic aid to the countries that needed it. This gained their support thus angering Stalin, as a result of this he formed the ‘comecon’. This type of financial aid did not work as the Soviets were lacking funds and hence were not able to assist each other financially. The Soviets decided to verify USA’s economic state by forming what is known as the Berlin Blockade. This cut off the American’s trade links and transport system slowing the economy enormously. This move was seen as a form of militarism by the USA. This war had become active. Stalin was actively thwarting the American economy and yet Truman did not begin a war. He avoided this by flying ‘Candy planes’ over West Berlin. These planes dropped supplies every three minutes. This continued for eleven months. Stalin was trying to snap the American forbearance of the several military moves. Truman did not react in an aggressive manner causing Stalin to lift the Blockade. After doing this Stalin felt the need to strengthen his alliances with his communist countries thus causing him to form the Warsaw pact. The Americans were not free of the blame for the start of this war. They too had contributed to the severe breakdown of the relationship. President Roosevelt died on the twelfth of April in 1945. This changed things drastically as his successor was not only a fierce capitalist, but also a storming anti-communist. Harry S. Truman was untrusting of Stalin from the beginning. Some could argue that Truman was narrow-minded and he should have accepted Stalin without judgement at first. However, I believe that it was Stalin that caused these suspicions to arise in the first place. Truman not trust Stalin, he actively provoked a reaction out of Stalin when testing the atomic bomb, however it could also be said that the test was simply a defence mechanism used to scare Stalin and remind him of the former agreement. The Americans reaction to the ‘comecon’ pact was to form a greater alliance. Bizonia, this consisted of Britain and America joining their sector of Germany to form a stronger bond. This was soon made Trizonia when France joined. Not only had a huge alliance been made, this alliance had introduced a new currency. Stating they were a country. It could be said that this provoked Stalin into the Berlin Blockade, but we must question the extremity of the reaction. Blocking a sector of employment and economy. Is this not too extreme? All things considered, it was Stalin who caused this Cold war. We must look at Stalin when pointing the finger of blame, not America, not Truman, not even the Soviet Union but Stalin. Stalin’s extreme expansionism caused the ongoing distrust between these two allies if Stalin had not been so imperialistic Truman would not have reacted like he did. It goes to show how much damage was done caused by Stalin when we are still witnessing ongoing pacts and allegiances which are attempting to improve the relationship between the USA and Russia. Although this relationship has improved greatly all it needs is for a harsh factor to make it unstable and at risk once more. All it needs is another Joseph Stalin.

Small Business Enterprise free essay sample

A convenience store is a small store or shop that may sell items such as sweets, ice-cream, soft drinks, lottery tickets, cigarettes and other tobacco products, newspapers and magazines, along with a selection of processed food and perhaps some groceries. Stores that are part of gas stations may also sell motor oil, windshield washer fluid, radiator fluid, and maps. Often toiletries and other hygiene products are stocked, and some of these stores also offer money orders and wire transfer services or liquor products. They are often located alongside busy roads, in densely-populated urban neighbourhoods, at gas/petrol stations or near railway stations or other transportation hubs. They are there to serve a need, providing a practical alternative to the out-of-town superstores. Rarely do they attract customers shopping for the week. Instead, they draw their custom from impulse or emergency purchases, from people topping-up their cupboards or from those simply getting the daily essentials like milk and bread. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Business Enterprise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the demise of the local specialist store, convenience stores have also become centres of the community in more isolated locations. At a time of economic uncertainty, the market in these local retailers seems remarkably solid. According to the Association of Convenience Stores (ACS), tens of millions of customers visit convenience stores every day. So if you’re looking to buy a business, this could be an attractive option. Mike Carr, group managing director of EMF believes convenience stores are a good business to buy in these uncertain times: â€Å"Due to a degree of uncertainty in the general economic climate, people are buying businesses that are more likely to continue to grow. Convenience stores fit this bill because everyone needs food. † According to Mike Carr of business agents Everett, Masson Furby, there is not a typical convenience store owner. â€Å"You get people going into business for the first time who want a business that they can understand fairly quickly. You also get people who have come out of the professions – retired bank managers for example. The good thing about the market is that it appeals to a wide variety of people. † Another advantage of this business is that you can come to it without prior retailing experience. And if you are a little unsure about jumping in at the deep end, you can often arrange a settling in period at the start. Paul Williamson, director of business transfer agents Ernest Wilson, explains, â€Å"When we sell a business there is a period of time before completion during which people can go in and work with the vendors, learn how to do the job and also check the figures. † A lot of people don’t know where to buy their stock from, what to charge etc. The vendors can show them how to run the business and also introduce them to the customers, which is important. Not everything can be gained from experience, however. Andrew Bresnan, a convenience store owner in Dorset, says that having the right personality is crucial. â€Å"The most important aspect is to be able to get on with the general public. Another factor is to be very well organised and stay on top of the paperwork. There is a lot of paperwork in this business, with invoices and so forth. † You wil l also need to be prepared to put in the hours. Many convenience stores attract business by staying open when the superstores are closed. This is especially relevant on Sundays, when superstores, by law, can only open for six hours. You may need to stay open late at night if you are selling alcohol, and likewise, if you are running newspaper delivery rounds, you’ll have to be up with the dawn chorus. Strong consumer demand for convenience shopping has made the convenience store sector as one of the dynamic sectors in the whole retail market. Convenience stores have established an important niche for themselves in the grocery supply chain, essentially serving top-up shopping requirements to supplement the supermarket shop. Village shops have become increasingly rare in the densely populated parts of the country, although they remain common in remote rural areas. Their rarity in England is due to several factors, such as the rise in car ownership, competition from large chain supermarkets, the rising cost of village properties, and the increasing trend of the wealthy to own holiday homes in picturesque villages, consequently houses which used to be occupied full-time are often vacant for long periods. Community shops have become popular in some villages, often jointly owned and run by many villagers as a co-operative. The Village Retail Services Association ([1]) promotes the role and function of the village shop in the UK. Many modern village shops choose to stock items which draw in customers from neighbouring areas that are seeking locally sourced, organic and specialist produce such as local cuts of meat, local cheeses, wines and others. There is an opportunity for the local convenience store to develop their potential as community stores and lifestyle assistants as they are better placed to know the particular needs of a town or village more intimately than the larger supermarkets. They could create solutions for the increasingly time-pressured element in the community, by offering anything that will give the consumer extra time, e. g. home deliveries of high-quality frozen food, whether it is lunch for the home worker, or the evening meal for the busy family. Finding space has always been an issue as well for an average convenience store. Offering any product beyond the traditional boundaries is generally rendered impossible, simply as a result of size constraints. However, the evelopment of the computerized kiosk is seen by some as one way to revolutionize the world of convenience retailing, making it possible to buy cars, book holidays from these outlets. Trying to satisfy every customer needs is not an easy task. Looking upon what the people want and needs should be closely deliberated. Stocks are important and as well as the price. Although the products are not as much range from the big supermarkets as long as the stocks are full them people will be encou rage to come in to the store. The price should also be not as much as expensive as the supermarkets or else they will just be push on going to other shops. As well as the basics, many convenience stores add to their income and customer base by offering a range of other services, such as lottery tickets or video rental. Convenience stores are about offering as many services as possible. Here are some ingredients to boost your appeal. Lottery What it is: Some outlets can sell tickets for all National Lottery draws and National Lottery Instants, others can sell Instants only. How to get one: You must have over 750 sq ft shop floor, over 750 customers per day, and be open 9am-6pm daily and until 7. 30pm on draw days. The number of lottery outlets is not currently increasing, so new opportunities only arise when an existing outlet has its contract terminated for failing to meet sales targets or breaking lottery rules for example. Camelot selects a replacement from the applicants it has on file. What it costs: Installation and training on the machine is free and there are no ongoing expenses. What you can make: Retailers earn 5% commission on every sale and 1% on every prize payout over ? 10 and below ? 200. Cash Machine What it is: The ability to give customers instant access to cash through an ATM. How to get one: ATMs are supplied to independent retailers by companies such as MoneyBox, CardPoint and InfoCash. What it costs: The shop has to rent the machine from the ATM provider. What you can make: The store makes a commission on every transaction. ATM supplier, Moneybox, also claims that the subsequent increased footfall and spending can lead to an 8-15% total increase in revenue. In-store bakery What it is: Buying frozen, part-baked bread, cakes and pastries, which can be prepared quickly each morning to be sold as freshly baked items? How to get one: Suppliers include Delice de France (who also provide a cabinet, signs, labels and training) and Le Pain Croustillant. What it costs: You buy the part-baked bread like any other supplies. If you require a bake-off oven, however, this could cost you. What you can make: Freshly baked bread gives customers another reason to visit your store and the aroma is believed to encourage shopping, leading to an increase in general sales. Video games rental What it is: Renting out videos games to customers and selling ex-rental copies. How to get one: You dont need a licence to rent video games. You can buy the games direct from a wholesaler, lease them, or buy a franchise. What it costs: New releases cost and need to be regularly replaced. If you lease video games, they are updated regularly by the leasing company. What you can make: Once you have made back the purchase price everything else is profit. Ex-rental video games can be sold on. If you lease, your profit is the margin between your rental costs and what you earn from your customers. In building a business plan like a convenience store they have also differences of objectives. I would like to that this example â€Å"Millennium Marts primary objective is to create a new and revolutionary distribution outlet that will significantly reduce prices for its customers and provide greater services with an equal level of quality. The company seeks to be first to market with this daring new idea so as to capture market share and create greater than average profits. † This objective is doable and attainable because a convenience store brings customers good services to their customers. Reducing the prices can also be possible but customers expect to pay a premium of 10-12% on top of supermarket prices. Above that and it starts to get close to ‘insult pricing’, and they start to feel that they are being exploited because they don’t have the option of going anywhere else. If this happens they won’t come back. And by making an objective like the one above, it is better to provide a time frame of the on how to widen the distribution outlet. The most critical element of a convenience store success will be its marketing and advertising. In order to capture attention and sales convenience store will use prominent signs at the store locations, billboards, media bites on local news, and radio advertisements to capture customers. Convenience store competitive edge will be the lower prices we will charge our customers and the novel purchasing experience that will draw shoppers. In the convenience store industry, low cost and availability are the two success criteria. We plan to create these advantages in a new, high-tech environment that will retain customers. The most critical element of convenience store success will be its marketing and advertising. Convenience stores serve the entire purchasing population of its geographical area but focuses on customers who need to purchase items outside of normal working hours such as swing shift employees and quick shoppers looking for snacks and related items. In order to capture attention and sales Convenience store will use prominent signs at the store locations, billboards, media bites on local news, and radio advertisements to capture customers. Many of the initial customers will be drawn to the unique nature of the store and will then have the opportunity to realize the cost savings of convenience store. Since automated shopping is still in its infancy, the firm expects to invest a great deal of its available cash and revenues in marketing efforts. Since the store will be a stand-alone, remote facility, there is little in the way being able to directly influence how we close the sales other than to have an attractive storefront with our low prices and easy-to-use system. We believe that this in itself is its own seller. One critical procedure to ensure top customer service and reliability will be establishing a method for keeping enough inventories of all our products. We will be using industry data on inventory for other convenience store chains to assist us. Initially the company will only have a small staff including upper management, an operations technician and office manager. All other services, such as bookkeeping, will be outsourced. The following tables illustrate our financial projections over the next three years. Please note that we expect to be operating at a loss for the first six months before advertising begins to take effect and draw in customers. As retained earnings increase, a debt retirement fund will be established to encourage early repayment, thus relieving interest expense. Also, a 30-day payment period for purchases will be used to avoid incurring liabilities. We are using the industry standard business ratios for independent convenience store chains as a comparison to our own. There are some significant differences between the two since we have a completely different storefront than our competitors. First of all our accounts receivable are very different as we expect to have higher sales using credit cards than other stores, due to the convenience of using credit cards and cash cards at our facility. There is generally a three day waiting period to receive funds from the credit card company. This is a short period of time compared to a normal collection day period of 30 days, but it is still something we need to factor for. In addition, we expect higher percentages in inventory as we will be operating only one store initially and even many independent convenience store owners often have two or more facilities. Our long-term assets are low since we are only renting our facilities. With the changes that can be implemented on the problems that might arise to solve it as well as for the development of the business, it will make the business be able to learn more on how to provide the needs of the customers. It will serve as the trial and error side of it in which the ones which will click with the customers will be continued and enhance. The products and services that is least purchased or used by the customers will be look upon and evaluated if it is needed to take out of the business and change to other services that is needed more. If changes are implemented, customers are also provided the information for them to be aware of it. Proper dissemination of information is given to the customers, it might be helpful if before the changes we inform them already and let them know about the definite changes that will be done so that when the changes has been done, the information that is needed to give to the customers is the new products and the importance and value of the product or the services. It also essential to say the differences of the product before and the services so that the customers will be able to decide if they prefer that service and will also serve as an advertisement, not only the customers are the ones who can be affected with changes bur the business owners as well. In any case that the change will not be a boom, the owners should be ready on it or in the other hand, and they can also expect that it will be a huge success for future development of the business. References: 1. ^ North American Industry Classification (NAICS) 2002, 452 General Merchandise Stores (US) 2. The Association of Convenience Stores Represents both convenience store chains and independents. Produces an annual Yearbook. Negotiates deals for its members on shop insurance, finance, health insurance etc. Website: http://www. acs. org. uk. uk 3. Alliance of Independent Retailers Membership organisation representing 18,000 independent retailers. Services include a free legal helpline, insurance deals and a copy of Monthly Trade magazine, â€Å"The Independent Retailer†. Website: www. indretailer. co. uk 4. http://www. bplans. com/convenience_store_business_plan/executive_summary_fc. php#1. 1_Objectives#ixzz1DC1pbGfA 5.

Medieval Weaponry essays

Medieval Weaponry essays Advanced weapons and complex technology are what distinguish civilized people from simple savages. Throughout the expansion and progression of many different human societies people needed something to rely upon to provide them with protection. The weapons people had reflected their societys culture and war strategies. For example, the Viking axe showed their ruthless nature, and the medieval European swords showed their skillful art of fencing and battle. Medieval Europe even hosted mock battles called jousts in order to make warfare into a game and artform. I find the topic of medieval weaponry very interesting, and in this essay I will tell you about some of the weapons that came about in the medieval time period. A knights sword was his most important weapon. It was light, but could cut easily through flesh and bone. (kyrene.k12.az.us/schools/brisas/sunda/ma/1michael.htm) The swords used by knights were used to cut and thrust in the 15th century, as opposed to just cutting in the 9th century. (aiusa.com/medsword/) The swords were originally made from bronze (aiusa.com/medsword/) but later were made using light iron. (kyrene.k12.az.us/schools/brisas/sunda/ma/1michael.htm). Some basic parts of the sword are as follows: the blade (the steel that formed the sword), the cross (also known as the guard), the grip (the handle), and finally, the lower end (the sharpened tip of the sword). (historicalweapons.com/swordparts.html ) Another important weapon was the crossbow. The correct term for the crossbow is arbalest. (historicalweapons.com/otherweapons.html ) It was invented shortly after 1000 A.D. Its destructive effects were so dangerous that the church had banned its use in 1139 (castles-of-britain.com/castle36.htm), though it remained a weapon of great popularity in Europe. A pole arm with a cutting blade was called ...

Banning packed lunches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banning packed lunches - Research Paper Example According to the article on the website of Mother Nature Network (MNN) which first appeared on April 12 this year, the principal of Little Village Academy in Chicago has made a move to ban packed lunches after seeing kids drinking soda and eating junk foods for their lunch. Considering different factors, this initiative by Carmona may be applauded by other school officials who in turn could implement the same policy. Carmona’s observation of children carrying unhealthy foods and beverages is true. It happens in every school, regardless of the children’s economic status. In fact, it is even true at homes. Many parents nowadays allow their kids to eat whatever they like, without thinking of nutritional value simply because they are not home to see what their children are eating, and they themselves have become engrossed with the fastfood nation. The practice of eating processed foods has become a tradition. Many families rely on cooking processed meat in order to save tim e and energy. However, this practice should be stopped right away in order to ensure the health and safety of our young children. At home, parents should monitor what the kids are eating and teach them to take in only those foods which promote good health. Being the second home, schools should take the initiative to care for children and implement the rule made by Carmona. The moment the parents send their kids to school, they are already delegating the responsibility of taking care of their child to school authorities. This means giving full trust to the principal and teachers to decide for the good of the child. Ensuring that children receive the proper daily nutrition they need is one very important aspect of taking care of children. Such role should be ensured in order to secure children’s future. Considering this, Carmona’s move should be implemented in all schools, hence it is high time for school authorities to consider reviewing the said rule. Carmona’s regulation is nothing new. In fact, it is just a response to the state-wide call for health and nutrition. Many nutrition plans have been made beforehand but they still seem to be inadequate especially when it comes to implementation. For instance, according to the website of the Department of Agriculture, the office, with its program called National School Lunch Program, reimburses students’ meals with nutritious after-school meals such as whole wheat bread, meat, milk, and so on. However, this intervention is not preventive of obesity or eating unhealthy foods. According to the Troiano and Flegal (82), the rate of obesity cases among adolescents progressively rises because of eating junk foods. On this note, parents should be alarmed and do their best to teach their kids how to eat healthy foods. However, instead of promoting healthy eating, parents are the ones who tolerate and teach their kids to eat unhealthy foods by preparing fancy lunches such as nachos, desserts, pac ked with soda or other energy drinks. Recognizing the current problem, Principal Carmona is doing a good job, imposing the banning of packed lunches. If parents cannot satisfy the nutritional needs of their children, this is their chance to give nutritious food without too much effort. With a small amount, kids can take advantage of healthy snacks and lunches composed of fresh fruit, drinks, and potatoes. Served at the school canteen, parents can also be assured that the foods are prepared carefully. Nutrition is also ensured as school officials themselves monitor what the

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Environment - Essay Example The remedy of such issues needs responsible and careful use of scientific principles. Therefore, it is essential for the engineer to address issues in a professional manner that will ensure there are minimal or no effects towards the environment (Brown, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to show the role of engineers in maintain a healthy environment suitable for the living of human beings. The paper will tackle how engineers are working hand in hand with environmentalist to make sure that their activities do not affect the ecology. Additionally, the paper will look at the role of engineers in recycling waste products that have the potential of being re-used and how they are trying to substitute the use of organic materials with plastics. For another thing, the role of engineers in developing the old methods of engineering that had environmental and health effects to new methods that are safe will be taken into account. Lastly, the paper is going to tackle on renewable sources of energy that can be used so as to save energy and meet the needs of the accruing world population in the years to come. Dumping of chemical wastes in the water, soil and air directly lead to the pollution of rivers and air, and automotive and industrial smoke. Urban development and housing have numerous ecological consequences; the process of building a house consumes energy and raw materials, and the subsequent expansions affect the extensive environment. The energy necessities of housing contribute extensively to global warming. The Generation of dangerous gases and other waste materials, and the release of harmful materials from the different stages of nuclear fuel phases results in global warming (Bell, 2011). Environmentalists and engineers need to work in harmony more than in the ancient times. Ecologists and other ecological scientists must work together with the engineers so as to define the necessities of significant environmental processes and conditions

Process Essay How to Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process How to - Essay Example Next, once you have understood what kind of job you would be working in, researching on the different operation you will have to perform as a part of the job would be helpful, since the interview questions could bear direct or indirect relevance to the job profile. It would of great significance, to conduct a research no the company or organisation you would be working for, since you need to ensure and convince the interviewer that the mission statement fo the company coincides with your personal aim; and that a combination of the two can be of great use, mutually. Once you have done the background research, it's time you get into the groove, and reserahc on some FAQs at interviews. Numerous websites and books these days offer questions that are most often asked. Consecutive rounds in an interview could be different. For instance you could have a simulation round or a telephonic conversation round. This requires you to be spontaneous, simple and creative. It is the safest bet to be completely thorough with one's resume and be prepared for questions based on your job experiences or qualifications. Putting forth false claims no t he resume is a complete no-no, since questions on them could bowl you over! Good command over your communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is a must. Besides this, a grasp on the current affairs could be very useful as well. All said and done, we all know that exams can either be a nightmarish experience or a cakewalk, depending upon the official who sets the question paper! The same formula applies to an interview setup; the progress in your interview depends on your interviewer. Like some stereotypes that we come across in our daily lives, a close assessment on the different kinds of interviewers can leave you surprised! You simply need to prepare your interaction, on the basis of these stereotypic interviewers and lo, your job is done! Here are a few typical interviewers whom you are likely to come across in a number of interviews. The lets-talk-Business type This is the kind of interviewer, who is typically serious and jumps direct to the point. You can spot him weighing options and thinking pensively regarding his decision-making. He questions you about your past work experiences, the role you have played at your previous job, your skill-sets and the like. He does not start of by conversing or small-talk, and rather tackles all that he wants to, right away! In order to tackle this serious interviewer, take care to answer to-the-point and keep your answers informative and substantially rounded and clear. Do stress on the fact that you would be an asset for the organisation and show enough proof, to support that statement! The Simulating Brainy type He is the interviewer who conjures situations and trying circumstances and rather

History of Fascism

History of Fascism It can be seen that there is an increasing fight for freedom against fascism in England in post-modern era. Fascism is a long-lasting problem in England. How can we see freedom vs. fascism in V for Vendetta. The people of London seek for freedom, to be free from the government and tol ive a normal life.There is a totalitarian government in England, and the countryis like a dystopian country. Citizens in a dystopian country never question their government. The people long for democratic society, and it is necessary to make a revolution to reach the goals, and it is up to the people of England. There is a conflict between anarchism and fascism. Can anarchism be a way to democracy? The film V for Vendetta is about fascism, anarchy and England. It is a very impressive research into fascism and democrasy. Dystopian societies usually lack of personal freedoms, as well as political oppression and systematic discrimination based on sex, age or IQ (Dystopian, par.1) Dystopia is an undesirable and unlivable society. The government watches or control everything people does. There is no independence, no freedom, and no personal thought in this harsh government. Citiizens have no individual choice, they are always afraid of doing something which against the goverrnment , they can be punished by isolation, torture, or death because of their forbidden action. There are lots of social restrictions because dystopian governments want to have absolute and complete control over their people to keep their government in rule. The typical features in a dystopian society usually entail the use of propaganda to gain control. Information is limited, freedomis restricted. A figurehead is worshipped by the citizens of the society.Most citizens have a fear of the outside world because they havent been outside probably.Dystopian societies like to keep everyone underground and under control (Dystopian, par.4) A dystopian society is fictional which is created to warn people against possible danger of the strict regime, and so many writers use fiction as a medium and depict a dystopian world in their works. For example, 1984 by Orwell and Brave New World by Huxley are two classic novels on dystopian societies. Both of these satirical novels have a great influence on their era, because issues dystopia are close to the reality. Real subjects are referred to fictional world. Not only in novels, but also in films dystopian world is used to show the threat of totalitarian regime such as The Matrix and V for Vendetta. In film such as V for Vendetta the government tries to keep people in fear and to make the people feel they need an overruling power to keep them safe is quite extraordinary. These all fitting into the typical category of governmental/social dystopias because these dystopian visions paint a picture of a government or society attempting to exert control over free thoght, authority, energy, freedom of information (Is It Useful, par.6) Fascism is a consistent and universal problem.It is an important social and psychological mechanism which shows a revolt against the effect of capitalism. As Rabinbach suggested that Fascism movements emerged in almost all European contries aafter World War I as a conservative and revolutionary protest against both capitalism and Marxist socialism (145) Fascism is the one form of government with the most disagreement about a definition for it.The word comes from the Latin fasces which means to use power to scare or impress people. It generally refers to the consolidation of all economic and political power into some form of super-patriotism that is devoted to genocide or endless war with ones enemies (History, par.6) In fascism, the government controls everything, the institutions of public control and total control over everything and everyone. And the fascist government destroys all sense of independence and individuality, because they are dangerous things, as they might lead to rebellion.The fascist regime is thee extreme form of the autonomisation of politics under capitalism. It is the product of an immense dislocation of the capitalist made of production (Caplan 95). Fascism is a modern phenomenon. It is a big argument, and almost always discussed by historians, writers, politicians and scholars. Yet, What does it mean, actually? Allardyce stated that whether historians envision fascism as the tool of class interests or the expression of more impersonal forces -the revolt of the masses, the moral crisis of civilization, totalitarianism, or the modernisation process- they generally understand it in terms of something more fundamental and important to history (368). Cassels described fascism variously as an oslought on the nineteenth century, an effort to restore the vanished world of 1789, a general twentieth-century phenomenon of the Left, a movement committed to sweeping away the debris of all anciens regimes, a theory of socialism applied by authoritarian means, leftist, right-ist, radical. Whatever its definitions is, fascism gives no good to people.Disciplines of the fascism is not for public sake, its for goernment sake. It limits the freedom of people, and it restricts citizens rights. Fascist thought is born between 1870 and 1914 because of the fear of mass democracy and liberalism, and fascist movements start to occur in all European countries after 1918. Fascism destroys the liberty of England. Before the Civil War the government is liberal in the United States. The war affects the people negatively. For instance, liberty is limited, private property is destroyed. When the fascists seize the power, the society turns to dystopia in which people have no freedom.The concept of liberty changes with the times. There is one liberty in peace times, which is not the liberty of war times. There is one liberty in times of prosperity, which can no longer be granted in times of depression (Pei, par.6). According to KÃ ¼hnl, fascist system has five major characteristics: (1) its social function is to maintain the capitalist system in a crisis; (2) the use of terrorist methods of domination and the elimination of oppositional forces is basic to the system; (3) it cocsists of a mass movement which attempts to include major population groupings and act as an instrument of mass integration and manipulation; (4) the masses are subject to the ideology of the Volk community and unconditional solidarity demanded by both internal and external enemies; (5) the system produces the political and military prerequisites for imperialist expansion and the subordination of neighboring peoples(130).As we understand from KÃ ¼hnls classification of fascism, psychological manipulation and physical control are the keys of fascist government. It creates fear on its citizens by using terrorist methods. Only truth is totalitarian regimes truth, there is nothing for public good in fascism. The problem of fascism does not perish completely. The people of England is still under the threat of fascism. Even today, the independent middle class and other social groups are still threatened by social declasssing; there are still economic recessions that precipitate the anxiety of crisis; authoritarian mentalities calling for order and strong leadership are still widespread (KÃ ¼hnl 76). Fascism is very harmful all aspect of life. In fascist government, there is a social unrest, people are not happy, they are depressed, the country is in an economic depression.There is no good relationship between the people, everybody is suspicious of everybody else, and they are always in fear of totalitarian regime. In terms of a theory of economic growth revised in this way, fascism can be defined as a revolt of those who lost -directly or indirectly, temporarily or permanently- by industrialization. Also the military joins here, with opposition against the industrialization of war, which tended to destroy traditional modes of warfare and which by its increasing destructiveness intensified pacifism and antimilitarism (Sauer 417). To be sure, the totalitarianism theory cannot be dismissed entirely.Modern dictatorships have undoubtedly develop new charasteristics, and totalitarianism is certainly one of them. It is, however, hardly as important as the totalitarianism theory has maintained.As Sauer suggested, totalitarianism which feeds fascism might live forever, if it is not opposed.Authoritarian dictatorships master the crisis by destroying society. So citizens should take some action to protect their rights and to gain independence. Public involvement in politics plays a vital role in democratic society. Thus, Abendroth stated that The first goal is the defence and restoration of functioning forms of public involvement in the political and social decisions of a parliamentary democracy; the next goal would be to replace monopoly capitalist production relations by transparent socialist one (113). Albert Einstein said that the world is a dangerous place tol ive in; not because of the people are evil, but because of the people who dont do anything about it. Fascism will continue to grow, if people do not do something against it. Alladyce emphazised that the antifascist of Europe added dimensions of their own , and the revised version became the Standard version, the popular conception of the ideology of fascism During the thirties recalled Stephen Spender, Fascism meant dictatorship, cencorship, the persecution of the Jews, the destruction of intellectual freedom. To be antifascist was to be on the side of humanity. Conversely, to be fascist meant to be against it(382).People who want to be on the side of humanity, should fight against fascism to prevent destruction of totalitarian regime and to get rid of dictatorship. The British National Party and The English Defence League are the current threats of fascism for English citizens. The BNP is a fascist party, as mentioned before fascism annihilate all communities, freedoms and democratic rights. The EDL is an organization of racist thugs with links to the BNP. EDL supporters use Nazi tactics during their activities.There is a unity against the alarming rise in fascism in Britain today. Uaf, the unity against fascism believes that these dangers require a strong and united response from all those dedicated to freedom and democracy, and they declares that we must combine our forces and unite in a broad and common front against this common threat (About Uaf). The first action against fascism is awake peoples consciousness. Media, literature and cinema can be used to solve the problem of fascism, and to show the danger of totalitarian regime.V for Vendetta is a good example to demonstrate the terrifying possibilities of totalitarianism and it uses the voice of anarchist, V, to affect people of England into standing together against their fascist government and fight for freedom. V for Vendetta can be seen as a dystopia because of the way minority groups are treated as criminals and used for medical experiments, V starting a revolution reasons with the people of the country after hijacking a broadcast centre (Is It Useful par.16). If viewed with philosophical spectacles, a film like V for Vendetta can also stimulate reflection on the preciousness of an open society and individual freedom.And it is much better to watch a movie than to have to experience a totalitarian, closed society for real (Berg par.7). V for Vendetta has a great success, the issues of the film prove to be important and interesting to the audience. Although the happenings of the film take place in the future, they are closely connected with todays circumstances. Its reflection of the present makes stronger the effects of the film. The film is about Vs struggle against the fascist regime. The fascist regime is like a Nazi government, killing the societies whose have no correlation to the government system. V for Vendetta is set in England. The Norsefire regime in V for Vendetta creates fears in its people and using force as a way of subduing them to do what they want. The fascist dictator, Adam Sutler wants to have the complete control over his people.Like world of Orwells 1984, cameras and secret police are watching citizens. They use technology and media to control the actions and thoughts of people.As Berg suggested that Society under the Norsefire regime is typical of totalitarian states: the secret police is the executive arm of Big Brother, and the media is under state control and is used for propaganda purposes (par.10). Similar to Nazi Germany, there are death camps in England. The people are forcibly used to take part in a type of medical testing. The government deliberately, creates a lethal virus to become rich and powerful by selling the antidote. V is one of these prisoners in the camp, Larkhill. When the fire breaks out in laboratory, he manages to escape, and becomes the only prisoner to survive. Because of the fire he is severely burnt, and he wears a symbolic mask which is the face of Guy Fawkes, a Catholic rebel on November 5th 1605 tries to blow up the Houses of Parliament in London to end the reign of James I, but he is publicly executed. V wants to change the course of history by blowing up the Houses of Parliament -he wants to succeed where Faawkes had failed, and the date for this attempt is of course November 5. As to why he wants to do so: he wants to destroy the authoritarian government (Coppens par.5). The theme of fascism and complete government control is evident throughout the film as seen through the rule of the Norsefire regime and their ruthless tactics. For example, homosexuality is forbidden and actively suppressed. The government behaves harshly toward homosexuals. We understand this clearly when Evey finds a letter from Valerie is an actress who is imprisoned for being lesbian. This, again shows the similarity between Nazi government and Sutlers government. Jalsevac stated that The most poignant scene by far is when Evey, while in prison, finds the dying letter of a woman who had been the same cell years before. As Evey reads the letter we are shown flashbacks of the life of this poor victim of state oppression (par.9). Another example of fascism in the film is that freedom of expression is forbidden. People are not allowed to express their own feelings and opinions. If they have a thought against the government, they are punished by death. Letting people think can be extremely dangerous according to fascists. Berg similarly argues that, Freedom of expression also entails the freedom to critize and satirize political leaders. In the film Deitrich (played by Stephen Fry) uses his popular talk show to satirize Chancellor Sutler. As a consequence he is seized from his home and disappears- the fate of many peaceful opponents of dictators, from Argentina to Zimbabwe (par.13). In many totalitarian regimes the portrait of the political leader of the state is placed everywhere, practically on the wall of each house and institution. In V for Vendetta we see the videos on the big screen with the face of Adam Sutler, along with his portraits in peoples homes. Fear is used to turn England into a bigoted totalitarian order, with their leader Adam Sutler becoming the High Chancellor. War, terror and disease cause to fear in people, and so they turn to the Chancellor who promises peace, and to give them silent obedient consent. Afraid of chaos, the citizens allow an enemy to be created, which is a fascist government. Similarly, Berg suggested that In times of social unrest and uncertainty there are people who call for a strong leader and who are also prepared to accept limitations on their freedom. Such people might prefer Sutlers Norsefire regime to an open, democratic society (par.18). In a totalitarian society everyone who opposes the state can be a victim of the states terror and torture. So people obey this strict regime blindly because of fear. V declares that People should not be afraid of their governments; their governments should be afraid of them.V wants to remind the people of London of their past. He thinks that this country has forgotten something which are fairness, justice, freedom. V explains that artists tell lies to tell the truth, while politicians use them to cover the truth up.The government uses the media to convey the message and to trick the community into thinking that life is so much better with the government in control. V gives the people hope and show that the country has much better life outside of the governments control. By showing brute force of the government, V tries to convince the citizens to support him over the government. One of the major themes in the movie is the conflict between anarchism and fascism. The Norsefire regime is the face of fascism. Adam Sutler rules the country through both fear and force. The ideas of anarchism is presented by V. He uses the voice of an anarchist to evoke people for fight against authorities. V is fighting for anarchism, because he sees it as a way of democracy. Anarchism is a theory of governance that rejects any form of central or external authority, preferring instead to replace it with alternative forms of organization such as shaming rituals for deviants, mutual assistance pacts between citizens (History par.5). In the film the importance of the idea is underlined, it emphasizes that ideas are very powerful and live beyond the death of individuals. After V is shot multiple times by Creedy, he ironically says Beneath this mask there is more than flesh, there is an idea, and ideas are bullet prof. This quote means that the flesh of a man can be killed; however an idea can never be killed. A man can be forgotten, but an idea can live forever. At the end of the film Evey completes the task of V, and sends the train with the explosives toward the Houses of Parliament. V is dead, but he reaches his aim. He creates a hope for a better tomorrow,and its up to people of London to decide what happens next, a new England can be built. As Ghufron suggested that All forms of authority in Britain are now gone; its future is left uncertain. Thus, V has created chaos, which will allow voluntary order to ocur (par.12). To conclude, the film V for Vendetta is a shining example of what we are facing and how we can overcome a fight against a corrupt fascist government. It is emphasized that, Fantastic and mysterious on the surfacemovie V for Vendetta, in reality investigates and develops very important social-political themes, the notions of freedom and democracy, confrontation of them to the totalitarianism and fascism; the themes of identity of a human as a member of society and his dependence on the social order or vice verse his opposition to the existing political regime (Fascism par.10). The film clearly shows that ciizens should be unite and fight against their totalitarian regime to gain freedom and to live in a democratic society. Eleven similarly suggested that As the film V for Vendetta illustrates we have great strength in unity. We must simply organize ourselves. The film shows a symbolic organization and unification of the populous to rise up at once to take control. This is what is required. But we cant stop there (par.4) V for Vendetta creates a hope and courage in people of England, it leads to people think of fascism and freedom, and decide on what they really long for, ruled by totalitarian regime or live in democracy. The film has many awards, and this is a symbol that many people want to abolish the fascism in the world. As Jalsevac stated that V has received largely positive reviews from the critics, praising it for supposedly challenging audiences to think and raising timely questions about terrorism, when violence might be justified and the power of government (par.13). Works Cited Abendroth, Wolfgang. The Problems of The Social Function and Social Preconditions of Fascism. International Journal of Politics, 2.4 (1972-73): 104-113. Academic Search Premier. Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. About Uaf. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Allardyce, Gilbert. What Fascism Is Not: Thoughts on the Deflation of a Concept. The American Historical Review, 84.2 (1979): 367-388. Academic Search Premier. Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Berg, F. V. D. V for Vendetta Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Caplan, Jane. Theories of Fascism: Nicos Poulantzas as Historian. History Workshop,3 (1977):83-100. Academic Research Premier. Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Coppens, Philip. V for Vendetta. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Dystopian Society. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Eleven, Dylan. The Film V for Vendetta Shows V is for Victory When We Stand United Against The New WorldÂÂ  Order. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Fascism and Democracy in V for Vendetta. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Ghufron, Burhanudin. Vs Struggle Against The Fascist Government System in James Mcteigues V for Vendetta Movie. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. History of Terrorism and Fear. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Is It Useful To Use Present Fears and Problems in Society to Speculate on The Future. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Jalsevac, Luke. V for Vendatta Agenda Christians, Conservatives evil; Liberal freedom fighters good. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. KÃ ¼hnl, Reinhard. Problems of a Theory of Internetional Fascism. International Journal of Politics, 2.4 (1972-73):47-81. Academic Search Premier.Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. CÄÂ ±vak 10Paxton, R. O. The Five Stages of Fascism. The Journal of Modern History, 70.1(1998):1-23. Academic Search Premier. Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Pei, M.A. Freedom under Fascism. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 180 (1935): 9-13. Search Premier. Jstor. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Rabinbach, Anson G. Toward a Marxist Theory of Fascism and National Socialism: A Report on Developments in West Germany. : New German Critique, 3(1974): 127-153. Academic Search Premier. Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. Sauer, Wolfgang. National Socialism: Totalitarianism or Fascism?. The American Historical Review, 73.2(1967):404-424. Academic Search Premier. Jstor. Web. 29 Dec. 2012. V for Vendetta. Dir. James McTeigue. Perf. ÂÂ  Hugo Weaving,ÂÂ  Natalie Portman. ÂÂ  Warner Bros. Pictures, 2005.Film.

Plato & Medea :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In ancient Greece women were viewed as many things. They were not viewed as equivalent to males by any means. Women were portrayed usually as submissive domestic, and controlled. They played supporting or secondary roles in life to men, who tended to be demanding of their wives, but expected them to adhere to their wishes. In the tragedy Medea, written by Euripides, Medea plays the major role in this story, unlike most Greek stories with women playing only minor roles, but she also demonstrates many behavioral and psychological patterns unlike any other Greek women. In Euripides’ Medea the main character, Medea, Displays many traits that breakdown traditional Athenian misogyny by displaying her as proactive in taking her revenge, having cruel and savage passions, and being a very manipulative women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medea shows herself to be a proactive, determined woman who is ready to do what she has been planning throughout the story. In the begging of the book she starts to threaten revenge on her husband, Jason, â€Å"If I can find the means or devise to pay my husband back for what he has done to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg 9). Medea is just touching on her anger that she has built up within her for her husband. The traditional Athenian women would be mourning the loss of her husband, and may feel angry with him but would never swear to revenge him for his doings, and lastly actually do them. Women are usually portrayed in this situation being so dependent on their husbands that they will still do anything for him as so he will continue to help support the children and possibly his ex-wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medea when she decides it is time for her to kill her children struggles with the idea for a minute, â€Å"†¦do not be a coward, do not think of them, and how you are their mother†¦Oh I am an unhappy women.†(Pg 40). This is how a traditional Athenian woman would think, but she would be unable to commit to her plans and kill her own children. Medea on the other hand lets her passion and hatred for Jason take over her reasonable and straight thinking self, as she kills her own children while listening to them pray to God for help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medea’s cruel and savage passions take overtake her reasoning as the story proceeds. Medea’s views differ of that of the traditional Athenian women in that, Medea believes that â€Å"†¦women, though most helpless in doing good deeds, are of every evil the cleverest contrives.

Children and young peoples work force Essay

Understand what is required for competence in own work role. 1.1 describe the duties and responsibilities of own work.W  hats in the contract  hours Lines of reporting  specific roles and responsibilities (behavioural support, supporting children and young people with special educational needs, supporting be;inhgual children and young people0  compliance with policies and procedures of the setting (behaviour, children and young people protection, health and safety, keeping up to date with changing procedures, keeping up to date with changes to practice). 1.2 explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards.  standards relevant to own work role, eg national occupational standards for childrena care, learning and development ( NOS CCLD),  national occupational standars for learning, development aqnd support services ( NOS LDSS)  -in relation to own duties and responsibilities eg role to expectations to meet standards eg CCLD 202 help to keep children safe, see more:explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards CCLD 303 promote childrens development LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice  course apprenticehsip notes  coursework starter  hayley  rough notes  guidelines  to use for when get stuck  in starter pack LDSS 320 support the needs of children and young people with additional requirements, GCU 6 reflect on, develop and maintain your practice

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors

Privacy on the Internet for IT Majors Free Online Research Papers Recently the Internet has seen tremendous growth, with the ranks of new users swelling at ever-increasing rates. This expansion has catapulted it from the realm of academic research towards newfound mainstream acceptance and increased social relevance for the everyday individual. Yet this suddenly increased reliance on the Internet has the potential to erode personal privacies we once took for granted. New users of the Internet generally do not realize that every post they make to a newsgroup, every piece of email they send, every World Wide Web page they access, and every item they purchase online will be monitored or logged by some unseen third party. The impact on personal privacy is enormous; already we are seeing databases of many different kinds, selling or giving away collections of personal data, and this While the Internet brings the danger of diminished privacy, it also ushers in the potential for expanding privacy protection to areas where privacy was previously unheard of. This is our vision: restoration and revitalization of personal privacy for online activities, and betterment of society via privacy protection for fields where that was previously impossible. We want to bring privacy to the Internet, and bring the Internet to everyday privacy practices. The purpose of this paper is not to present new results, but rather to encourage further research in the area of Internet privacy protection, and to give an overview (necessarily brief in a short paper such as this) of privacy-enhancing technologies. Section 2 explores some motivation for studying privacy issues on the Internet, and Section 3 provides some relevant background. We then discuss Internet privacy technology chronologically, in three parts: Section 4 describes the technology of yesterday, Section 5 explains todays technology, and Section 6 explores the technology of tomorrow. Finally, we conclude in Section 7. Motivation The threats to ones privacy on the Internet are two-fold: your online actions could be (1) monitored by unauthorized parties and (2) logged and preserved for future access many years later. You might not realize that your personal information has been monitored, logged, and subsequently disclosed; those who would compromise your privacy have no incentive to warn you. The threat of long-term storage and eventual disclosure of personal information is especially acute on the Internet. It is technically quite easy to collect information (such as a compendium of all posts you have made to electronic newsgroups) and store it for years or decades, indexed by your name for easy retrieval. If you are looking for a job twenty years from now, do you want your employer to browse through every Usenet posting youve ever made? If you are like most people, you have probably said something (however minor) in your past you would prefer to forgetperhaps an incautious word from your indiscreet youth, for instance. Long-term databases threaten your ability to choose what you would like to disclose about your past. Furthermore, in recent years great advances have been made in technology to mine the Internet for interesting information. This makes it easy to find and extract personal information about you that you might not realize is available. (For instance, one of your family members might have listed information about you on their web page without your knowledge; Internet search engine technology would find this easily.) Did you know your phone number, email address, and street address are probably listed on the Web? Or that your social security number is available on any of several for-pay electronically-searchable databases? Most people probably do not want to make it easy for salesmen, telemarketers, an abusive ex, or a would-be stalker to find them. In these ways, the Internet contributes to the dossier effect, whereby a single query can compile a huge dossier containing extensive information about you from many diverse sources. This increasingly becomes a threat as databases containing personal information become electronically cross-linked more widely. A recent trend is to make more databases accessible from the Internet; with todays powerful search engine and information-mining technology, this is one of the ultimate forms of cross-linking. (For instance, phone directories, address information, credit reports, newspaper articles, and public-access government archives are all becoming available on the Internet.) The dossier effect is dangerous: when it is so easy to build a comprehensive profile of individuals, many will be tempted to take advantage of it, whether for financial gain, vicarious entertainment, illegitimate purposes, or other unauthorized use. Government is one of the biggest consumers and producers of dossiers of personal information, and as such should be viewed as a potential threat to privacy. The problem is that todays governments have many laws, surveillance agencies, and other tools for extracting private information from the populace [6]. Furthermore, a great many government employees have access to this valuable information, so there are bound to be some workers who will abuse it. There are many examples of small-scale abuses by officials: a 1992 investigation revealed that IRS employees at just one regional office made hundreds of unauthorized queries into taxpayer databases [2]; employees of the Social Security Administration have been known to sell confidential government records for bribes as small as $10 [22]; highly confidential state records of AIDS patients have leaked [3]. Finally, there is very little control or oversight, so an corrupt leader could easily misuse this information to seize and maintain po wer. A number of cautionary examples are available: FBI Director Edgar Hoover had his agency spy on political dissidents, activists, and opponents; the NSA, a secret military surveillance agency, has a long history of spying on domestic targets [5]; President Clintons Democratic administration found themselves with unauthorized secret dossiers on hundreds of Republican opponents in the Filegate scandal. Anonymity is one important form of privacy protection that is often useful. We observe that anonymity is often used not for its own sake, but primarily as a means to an end, or as a tool to achieve personal privacy goals. For example, if your unlisted telephone number is available on the web, but cant be linked to your identity because you have used anonymity tools, then this might be enough to fulfill your need for privacy just as effectively as if you had kept the phone number completely secret. Many applications of online anonymity follow the common theme of physical security through anonymity. For instance, political dissidents living in totalitarian regimes might publish an exposà © anonymously on the Internet to avoid harassment (or worse!) by the secret police. In contexts other than the Internet, anonymous social interaction is both commonplace and culturally accepted. For example, the Federalist papers were penned under the pseudonym Publius; many other well-known literary works, such as Tom Sawyer, Primary Colors, etc. were also written anonymously or under a pseudonym. Today, home HIV tests rely on anonymous lab testing; police tip lines provide anonymity to attract informants; journalists take great care to protect the anonymity of their confidential sources; and there is special legal protection and recognition for lawyers to represent anonymous clients. The US Postal Service accepts anonymous mail without prejudice; it is well-known that anonymous voice calls can be easily made by stepping into a payphone; and ordinary cash allows everyday people to purchase merchandise (say, a copy of Playboy) anonymously. In short, most non-Internet technology today grants the ordinary person access to anonymity. Outside of the Internet, anonymity is widely accepted and recognized as valuable in todays society. Long ago we as a society reached a policy decision, which we have continually reaffirmed, that there are good reasons to protect and value anonymity off the Internet; that same reasoning applies to the Internet, and therefore we should endeavor to protect online anonymity as well. There are many legitimate uses for anonymity on the Internet. In the long term, as people take activities theyd normally do offline to the Internet, they will expect a similar level of anonymity. In fact, in many cases, they wont even be able to imagine the extensive use this data could be put to by those with the resources and incentive to mine the information in a less-than-casual way. We should protect the ordinary user rather than requiring them to anticipate the various ways their privacy could be compromised. Moreover, the nature of the Internet may even make it possible to exceed those expectations and bring anonymity to practices where it was previously nonexistent. In the short term, there are a number of situations where we can already see (or confidently predict) legitimate use of Internet anonymity: support groups (e.g. for rape survivors or recovering alcoholics), online tip lines, whistleblowing, political dissent, refereeing for academic conferences, and merely the pur suit of everyday privacy of a less noble and grand nature. As the New Yorker magazine explained in a famous cartoon, On the Internet, nobody knows youre a dog[23]and this is perhaps one of the greatest strengths of the Internet. On the other hand, illicit use of anonymity is all too common on the Internet. Like most technologies, Internet anonymity techniques can be used for better or worse, so it should not be surprising to find some unfavorable uses of anonymity. For instance, sometimes anonymity tools are used to distribute copyrighted software without permission (warez). Email and Usenet spammers are learning to take advantage of anonymity techniques to distribute their marketing ploys widely without retribution. Denial of service and other malicious attacks are likely to become a greater problem when the Internet infrastructure allows wider support for anonymity. The threat of being tracked down and dealt with by social techniques currently acts as a partial deterrent to would-be intruders, but this would be eroded if they could use Internet tools to hide their identity. We have already seen one major denial of service attack [10] where the attacker obscured his IP source address to prevent tracing. Wid espread availability of anonymity will mean that site administrators will have to rely more on first-line defenses and direct security measures rather than on the deterrent of tracing. Providers of anonymity services will also need to learn to prevent and manage abuse more effectively. These topics are discussed at greater length in later sections. Background A few definitions are in order. Privacy refers to the ability of the individual to protect information about himself. Anonymity is privacy of identity. We can divide anonymity into two cases: persistent anonymity (or pseudonymity), where the user maintains a persistent online persona (nym) which is not connected with the users physical identity (true name), and one-time anonymity, where an online persona lasts for just one use. The key concept here is that of linkability: with a nym, one may send a number of messages that are all linked together but cannot be linked to the senders true name; by using one-time anonymity for each message, none of the messages can be linked to each other or to the users physical identity. Forward secrecy refers to the inability of an adversary to recover security-critical information (such as the true name of the sender of a controversial message) after the fact (e.g. after the message is sent); providers of anonymity services should take care to provi de forward secrecy, which entails (for instance) keeping no logs. Some of the more obvious uses of persistent anonymity are in message-oriented services, such as email and newsgroup postings. Here, the two major problems to be solved are those of sender-anonymity, where the originator of a message wishes to keep his identity private, and of recipient-anonymity, where we wish to enable replies to a persistent persona. In contrast to message-oriented services, we have online services. In these services, which include the World-Wide Web, online chat rooms, phones, videoconferences, and most instances of electronic commerce, we wish to enable two parties to communicate in real time, while allowing one or both of them to maintain their anonymity. The added challenges for online services stem from the increased difficulty involved in sending low-latency information without revealing identity via timing coincidences; to support these online services, we want to erect a general-purpose low-level infrastructure for anonymous Internet communications. In addition, certain specific applications, such as private electronic commerce, require sophisticated application-level solutions. Past In past years email was the most important distributed application, so it should not be surprising that early efforts at bringing privacy to the Internet primarily concentrated on email protection. Today the lessons learned from email privacy provide a foundation of practical experience that is critically relevant to the design of new privacy-enhancing technologies. The most primitive way to send email anonymously involves sending the message to a trusted friend, who deletes the identifying headers and resends the message body under his identity. Another old technique for anonymous email takes advantage of the lack of authentication for email headers: one connects to a mail server and forges fake headers (with falsified identity information) attached to the message body. (Both approaches could also be used for anonymous posting to newsgroups.) Of course, these techniques dont scale well, and they offer only very minimal assurance of protection. The technology for email anonymity took a step forward with the introduction of anonymous remailers. An anonymous remailer can be thought of as a mail server which combines the previous two techniques, but using a computer to automate the header-stripping and resending process [4, 16, 17, 24]. There are basically three styles of remailers; we classify remailer technology into types which indicate the level of sophistication and security. The anon.penet.fi (type 0) remailer was perhaps the most famous. It supported anonymous email senders by stripping identifying headers from outbound remailed messages. It also supported recipient anonymity: the user was assigned a random pseudonym at anon.penet.fi, the remailer maintained a secret identity table matching up the users real email address with his anon.penet.fi nym, and incoming email to the nym at anon.penet.fi was retransmitted to the users real email address. Due to its simplicity and relatively simple user interface, the anon.penet.fi remailer was the most widely used remailer; sadly, it was shut down recently after being harassed by legal pressure [18]. The disadvantage of a anon.penet.fi style (type 0) remailer is that it provides rather weak security. Users must trust it not to reveal their identity when they send email through it. Worse still, pseudonymous users must rely on the confidentiality of the secret identity tabletheir anonymity would be compromised if it were disclosed, subpoenaed, or boughtand they must rely on the security of the anon.penet.fi site to resist intruders who would steal the identity table. Furthermore, more powerful attackers who could eavesdrop on Internet traffic traversing the anon.penet.fi site could match up incoming and outgoing messages to learn the identity of the nyms. Cypherpunk-style (type I) remailers were designed to address these types of threats. First of all, support for pseudonyms is dropped; no secret identity table is maintained, and remailer operators take great care to avoid keeping mail logs that might identify their users. This diminishes the risk of after-the-fact tracing. Second, type I remailers will accept encrypted email, decrypt it, and remail the resulting message. (This prevents the simple eavesdropping attack where the adversary matches up incoming and outgoing messages.) Third, they take advantage of chaining to achieve more robust security. Chaining is simply the technique of sending a message through several anonymous remailers, so that the second remailer sees only the address of the first remailer and not the address of the originator, etc. Typically one combines chaining with encryption: the originator encrypts repeatedly, nesting once for each remailer in the chain; the advantage is that every remailer in a chain must be compromised before a chained message can be traced back to its sender. This allows us to take advantage of a distributed collection of remailers; diversity gives one a better assurance that at least some of the remailers are trustworthy, and chaining ensures that one honest remailer (even if we dont know which it is) is all we need. Type I remailers can also randomly reorder outgoing messages to prevent correlations of ciphertexts by an eavesdropper. In short, type I remailers offer greatly improved security over type 0, though they do have some limitations which we will discuss next. Present The newest and most sophisticated remailer technology is the Mixmaster, or type II, remailer [7, 11]. They extend the techniques used in a type I remailer to provide enhanced protection against eavesdropping attacks. First, one always uses chaining and encryption at each link of the chain. Second, type II remailers use constant-length messages, to prevent passive correlation attacks where the eavesdropper matches up incoming and outgoing messages by size. Third, type II remailers include defenses against sophisticated replay attacks. Finally, these remailers offer improved message reordering code to stop passive correlation attacks based on timing coincidences. Because their security against eavesdropping relies on safety in numbers (where the target message cannot be distinguished from any of the other messages in the remailer net), the architecture also calls for continuously-generated random cover traffic to hide the real messages among the random noise. Another new technology is that of the newnym-style nymservers. These nymservers are essentially a melding of the recipient anonymity features of a anon.penet.fi style remailer with the chaining, encryption, and other security features of a cypherpunk-style remailer: a user obtains a pseudonym (e.g. joeblow@nym.alias.net) from a nymserver; mail to that pseudonym will be delivered to him. However, unlike anon.penet.fi, where the nymserver operator maintained a list matching pseudonyms to real email addresses, newnym-style nymservers only match pseudonyms to reply blocks: the nymserver operator does not have the real email address of the user, but rather the address of some type I remailer, and an encrypted block of data which it sends to that remailer. When decrypted, that block contains the address of a second remailer, and more encrypted data, etc. Eventually, when some remailer decrypts the block it receives, it gets the real email address of the user. The effect is that all of the remailers mentioned in the reply block would have to collude or be compromised in order to determine the email address associated with a newnym-style pseudonym. Another simple technique for recipient anonymity uses message pools. Senders encrypt their message with the recipients public key and send the encrypted message to a mailing list or newsgroup (such as alt.anonymous.messages, set up specifically for this purpose) that receives a great deal of other traffic. The recipient is identified only as Research Papers on Privacy on the Internet for IT MajorsUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on Children